package scipy

Piecewise polynomial in terms of coefficients and breakpoints

The polynomial between ``xi`` and ``xi + 1`` is written in the local power basis::

S = sum(cm, i * (xp - xi)**(k-m) for m in range(k+1))

where ``k`` is the degree of the polynomial.

Parameters ---------- c : ndarray, shape (k, m, ...) Polynomial coefficients, order `k` and `m` intervals x : ndarray, shape (m+1,) Polynomial breakpoints. Must be sorted in either increasing or decreasing order. extrapolate : bool or 'periodic', optional If bool, determines whether to extrapolate to out-of-bounds points based on first and last intervals, or to return NaNs. If 'periodic', periodic extrapolation is used. Default is True. axis : int, optional Interpolation axis. Default is zero.

Attributes ---------- x : ndarray Breakpoints. c : ndarray Coefficients of the polynomials. They are reshaped to a 3-dimensional array with the last dimension representing the trailing dimensions of the original coefficient array. axis : int Interpolation axis.

Methods ------- __call__ derivative antiderivative integrate solve roots extend from_spline from_bernstein_basis construct_fast

See also -------- BPoly : piecewise polynomials in the Bernstein basis

Notes ----- High-order polynomials in the power basis can be numerically unstable. Precision problems can start to appear for orders larger than 20-30.

Construct a new piecewise polynomial representing the antiderivative.

Antiderivative is also the indefinite integral of the function, and derivative is its inverse operation.

Parameters ---------- nu : int, optional Order of antiderivative to evaluate. Default is 1, i.e. compute the first integral. If negative, the derivative is returned.

Returns ------- pp : PPoly Piecewise polynomial of order k2 = k + n representing the antiderivative of this polynomial.

Notes ----- The antiderivative returned by this function is continuous and continuously differentiable to order n-1, up to floating point rounding error.

If antiderivative is computed and ``self.extrapolate='periodic'``, it will be set to False for the returned instance. This is done because the antiderivative is no longer periodic and its correct evaluation outside of the initially given x interval is difficult.

Construct the piecewise polynomial without making checks.

Takes the same parameters as the constructor. Input arguments ``c`` and ``x`` must be arrays of the correct shape and type. The ``c`` array can only be of dtypes float and complex, and ``x`` array must have dtype float.

Construct a new piecewise polynomial representing the derivative.

Parameters ---------- nu : int, optional Order of derivative to evaluate. Default is 1, i.e. compute the first derivative. If negative, the antiderivative is returned.

Returns ------- pp : PPoly Piecewise polynomial of order k2 = k - n representing the derivative of this polynomial.

Notes ----- Derivatives are evaluated piecewise for each polynomial segment, even if the polynomial is not differentiable at the breakpoints. The polynomial intervals are considered half-open, ``a, b)``, except for the last interval which is closed ``[a, b]``.

Add additional breakpoints and coefficients to the polynomial.

Parameters ---------- c : ndarray, size (k, m, ...) Additional coefficients for polynomials in intervals. Note that the first additional interval will be formed using one of the ``self.x`` end points. x : ndarray, size (m,) Additional breakpoints. Must be sorted in the same order as ``self.x`` and either to the right or to the left of the current breakpoints. right Deprecated argument. Has no effect.

.. deprecated:: 0.19

Construct a piecewise polynomial in the power basis from a polynomial in Bernstein basis.

Parameters ---------- bp : BPoly A Bernstein basis polynomial, as created by BPoly extrapolate : bool or 'periodic', optional If bool, determines whether to extrapolate to out-of-bounds points based on first and last intervals, or to return NaNs. If 'periodic', periodic extrapolation is used. Default is True.

Construct a piecewise polynomial from a spline

Parameters ---------- tck A spline, as returned by `splrep` or a BSpline object. extrapolate : bool or 'periodic', optional If bool, determines whether to extrapolate to out-of-bounds points based on first and last intervals, or to return NaNs. If 'periodic', periodic extrapolation is used. Default is True.

Compute a definite integral over a piecewise polynomial.

Parameters ---------- a : float Lower integration bound b : float Upper integration bound extrapolate : ool, 'periodic', None, optional If bool, determines whether to extrapolate to out-of-bounds points based on first and last intervals, or to return NaNs. If 'periodic', periodic extrapolation is used. If None (default), use `self.extrapolate`.

Returns ------- ig : array_like Definite integral of the piecewise polynomial over a, b

Find real roots of the the piecewise polynomial.

Parameters ---------- discontinuity : bool, optional Whether to report sign changes across discontinuities at breakpoints as roots. extrapolate : ool, 'periodic', None, optional If bool, determines whether to return roots from the polynomial extrapolated based on first and last intervals, 'periodic' works the same as False. If None (default), use `self.extrapolate`.

Returns ------- roots : ndarray Roots of the polynomial(s).

If the PPoly object describes multiple polynomials, the return value is an object array whose each element is an ndarray containing the roots.

See Also -------- PPoly.solve

Find real solutions of the the equation ``pp(x) == y``.

Parameters ---------- y : float, optional Right-hand side. Default is zero. discontinuity : bool, optional Whether to report sign changes across discontinuities at breakpoints as roots. extrapolate : ool, 'periodic', None, optional If bool, determines whether to return roots from the polynomial extrapolated based on first and last intervals, 'periodic' works the same as False. If None (default), use `self.extrapolate`.

Returns ------- roots : ndarray Roots of the polynomial(s).

If the PPoly object describes multiple polynomials, the return value is an object array whose each element is an ndarray containing the roots.

Notes ----- This routine works only on real-valued polynomials.

If the piecewise polynomial contains sections that are identically zero, the root list will contain the start point of the corresponding interval, followed by a ``nan`` value.

If the polynomial is discontinuous across a breakpoint, and there is a sign change across the breakpoint, this is reported if the `discont` parameter is True.

Examples --------

Finding roots of ``x**2 - 1, (x - 1)**2`` defined on intervals ``-2, 1, 1, 2``:

>>> from scipy.interpolate import PPoly >>> pp = PPoly(np.array([1, -4, 3], [1, 0, 0]).T, -2, 1, 2) >>> pp.solve() array(-1., 1.)

Attribute x: get value or raise Not_found if None.

Attribute x: get value as an option.

Attribute c: get value or raise Not_found if None.

Attribute c: get value as an option.

Attribute axis: get value or raise Not_found if None.

Attribute axis: get value as an option.

Print the object to a human-readable representation.

Print the object to a human-readable representation.

Pretty-print the object to a formatter.