package scipy

Piecewise-cubic interpolator matching values and first derivatives.

The result is represented as a `PPoly` instance.

Parameters ---------- x : array_like, shape (n,) 1-d array containing values of the independent variable. Values must be real, finite and in strictly increasing order. y : array_like Array containing values of the dependent variable. It can have arbitrary number of dimensions, but the length along ``axis`` (see below) must match the length of ``x``. Values must be finite. dydx : array_like Array containing derivatives of the dependent variable. It can have arbitrary number of dimensions, but the length along ``axis`` (see below) must match the length of ``x``. Values must be finite. axis : int, optional Axis along which `y` is assumed to be varying. Meaning that for ``xi`` the corresponding values are ``np.take(y, i, axis=axis)``. Default is 0. extrapolate : ool, 'periodic', None, optional If bool, determines whether to extrapolate to out-of-bounds points based on first and last intervals, or to return NaNs. If 'periodic', periodic extrapolation is used. If None (default), it is set to True.

Attributes ---------- x : ndarray, shape (n,) Breakpoints. The same ``x`` which was passed to the constructor. c : ndarray, shape (4, n-1, ...) Coefficients of the polynomials on each segment. The trailing dimensions match the dimensions of `y`, excluding ``axis``. For example, if `y` is 1-d, then ``ck, i`` is a coefficient for ``(x-xi)**(3-k)`` on the segment between ``xi`` and ``xi+1``. axis : int Interpolation axis. The same axis which was passed to the constructor.

Methods ------- __call__ derivative antiderivative integrate roots

See Also -------- Akima1DInterpolator PchipInterpolator CubicSpline PPoly

Notes ----- If you want to create a higher-order spline matching higher-order derivatives, use `BPoly.from_derivatives`.

References ---------- .. 1 `Cubic Hermite spline <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_Hermite_spline>`_ on Wikipedia.

Construct a new piecewise polynomial representing the antiderivative.

Antiderivative is also the indefinite integral of the function, and derivative is its inverse operation.

Parameters ---------- nu : int, optional Order of antiderivative to evaluate. Default is 1, i.e. compute the first integral. If negative, the derivative is returned.

Returns ------- pp : PPoly Piecewise polynomial of order k2 = k + n representing the antiderivative of this polynomial.

Notes ----- The antiderivative returned by this function is continuous and continuously differentiable to order n-1, up to floating point rounding error.

If antiderivative is computed and ``self.extrapolate='periodic'``, it will be set to False for the returned instance. This is done because the antiderivative is no longer periodic and its correct evaluation outside of the initially given x interval is difficult.

Construct the piecewise polynomial without making checks.

Takes the same parameters as the constructor. Input arguments ``c`` and ``x`` must be arrays of the correct shape and type. The ``c`` array can only be of dtypes float and complex, and ``x`` array must have dtype float.

Construct a new piecewise polynomial representing the derivative.

Parameters ---------- nu : int, optional Order of derivative to evaluate. Default is 1, i.e. compute the first derivative. If negative, the antiderivative is returned.

Returns ------- pp : PPoly Piecewise polynomial of order k2 = k - n representing the derivative of this polynomial.

Notes ----- Derivatives are evaluated piecewise for each polynomial segment, even if the polynomial is not differentiable at the breakpoints. The polynomial intervals are considered half-open, ``a, b)``, except for the last interval which is closed ``[a, b]``.

Add additional breakpoints and coefficients to the polynomial.

Parameters ---------- c : ndarray, size (k, m, ...) Additional coefficients for polynomials in intervals. Note that the first additional interval will be formed using one of the ``self.x`` end points. x : ndarray, size (m,) Additional breakpoints. Must be sorted in the same order as ``self.x`` and either to the right or to the left of the current breakpoints. right Deprecated argument. Has no effect.

.. deprecated:: 0.19

Construct a piecewise polynomial in the power basis from a polynomial in Bernstein basis.

Parameters ---------- bp : BPoly A Bernstein basis polynomial, as created by BPoly extrapolate : bool or 'periodic', optional If bool, determines whether to extrapolate to out-of-bounds points based on first and last intervals, or to return NaNs. If 'periodic', periodic extrapolation is used. Default is True.

Construct a piecewise polynomial from a spline

Parameters ---------- tck A spline, as returned by `splrep` or a BSpline object. extrapolate : bool or 'periodic', optional If bool, determines whether to extrapolate to out-of-bounds points based on first and last intervals, or to return NaNs. If 'periodic', periodic extrapolation is used. Default is True.

Compute a definite integral over a piecewise polynomial.

Parameters ---------- a : float Lower integration bound b : float Upper integration bound extrapolate : ool, 'periodic', None, optional If bool, determines whether to extrapolate to out-of-bounds points based on first and last intervals, or to return NaNs. If 'periodic', periodic extrapolation is used. If None (default), use `self.extrapolate`.

Returns ------- ig : array_like Definite integral of the piecewise polynomial over a, b

Find real roots of the the piecewise polynomial.

Parameters ---------- discontinuity : bool, optional Whether to report sign changes across discontinuities at breakpoints as roots. extrapolate : ool, 'periodic', None, optional If bool, determines whether to return roots from the polynomial extrapolated based on first and last intervals, 'periodic' works the same as False. If None (default), use `self.extrapolate`.

Returns ------- roots : ndarray Roots of the polynomial(s).

If the PPoly object describes multiple polynomials, the return value is an object array whose each element is an ndarray containing the roots.

See Also -------- PPoly.solve

Find real solutions of the the equation ``pp(x) == y``.

Parameters ---------- y : float, optional Right-hand side. Default is zero. discontinuity : bool, optional Whether to report sign changes across discontinuities at breakpoints as roots. extrapolate : ool, 'periodic', None, optional If bool, determines whether to return roots from the polynomial extrapolated based on first and last intervals, 'periodic' works the same as False. If None (default), use `self.extrapolate`.

Returns ------- roots : ndarray Roots of the polynomial(s).

If the PPoly object describes multiple polynomials, the return value is an object array whose each element is an ndarray containing the roots.

Notes ----- This routine works only on real-valued polynomials.

If the piecewise polynomial contains sections that are identically zero, the root list will contain the start point of the corresponding interval, followed by a ``nan`` value.

If the polynomial is discontinuous across a breakpoint, and there is a sign change across the breakpoint, this is reported if the `discont` parameter is True.

Examples --------

Finding roots of ``x**2 - 1, (x - 1)**2`` defined on intervals ``-2, 1, 1, 2``:

>>> from scipy.interpolate import PPoly >>> pp = PPoly(np.array([1, -4, 3], [1, 0, 0]).T, -2, 1, 2) >>> pp.solve() array(-1., 1.)

Attribute x: get value or raise Not_found if None.

Attribute x: get value as an option.

Attribute c: get value or raise Not_found if None.

Attribute c: get value as an option.

Attribute axis: get value or raise Not_found if None.

Attribute axis: get value as an option.

Print the object to a human-readable representation.

Print the object to a human-readable representation.

Pretty-print the object to a formatter.