package sklearn

Linear classifiers (SVM, logistic regression, a.o.) with SGD training.

This estimator implements regularized linear models with stochastic gradient descent (SGD) learning: the gradient of the loss is estimated each sample at a time and the model is updated along the way with a decreasing strength schedule (aka learning rate). SGD allows minibatch (online/out-of-core) learning, see the partial_fit method. For best results using the default learning rate schedule, the data should have zero mean and unit variance.

This implementation works with data represented as dense or sparse arrays of floating point values for the features. The model it fits can be controlled with the loss parameter; by default, it fits a linear support vector machine (SVM).

The regularizer is a penalty added to the loss function that shrinks model parameters towards the zero vector using either the squared euclidean norm L2 or the absolute norm L1 or a combination of both (Elastic Net). If the parameter update crosses the 0.0 value because of the regularizer, the update is truncated to 0.0 to allow for learning sparse models and achieve online feature selection.

Read more in the :ref:`User Guide <sgd>`.

Parameters ---------- loss : str, default='hinge' The loss function to be used. Defaults to 'hinge', which gives a linear SVM.

The possible options are 'hinge', 'log', 'modified_huber', 'squared_hinge', 'perceptron', or a regression loss: 'squared_loss', 'huber', 'epsilon_insensitive', or 'squared_epsilon_insensitive'.

The 'log' loss gives logistic regression, a probabilistic classifier. 'modified_huber' is another smooth loss that brings tolerance to outliers as well as probability estimates. 'squared_hinge' is like hinge but is quadratically penalized. 'perceptron' is the linear loss used by the perceptron algorithm. The other losses are designed for regression but can be useful in classification as well; see SGDRegressor for a description.

penalty : 'l2', 'l1', 'elasticnet', default='l2' The penalty (aka regularization term) to be used. Defaults to 'l2' which is the standard regularizer for linear SVM models. 'l1' and 'elasticnet' might bring sparsity to the model (feature selection) not achievable with 'l2'.

alpha : float, default=0.0001 Constant that multiplies the regularization term. Defaults to 0.0001. Also used to compute learning_rate when set to 'optimal'.

l1_ratio : float, default=0.15 The Elastic Net mixing parameter, with 0 <= l1_ratio <= 1. l1_ratio=0 corresponds to L2 penalty, l1_ratio=1 to L1. Defaults to 0.15.

fit_intercept : bool, default=True Whether the intercept should be estimated or not. If False, the data is assumed to be already centered. Defaults to True.

max_iter : int, default=1000 The maximum number of passes over the training data (aka epochs). It only impacts the behavior in the ``fit`` method, and not the :meth:`partial_fit` method.

.. versionadded:: 0.19

tol : float, default=1e-3 The stopping criterion. If it is not None, the iterations will stop when (loss > best_loss - tol) for ``n_iter_no_change`` consecutive epochs.

.. versionadded:: 0.19

shuffle : bool, default=True Whether or not the training data should be shuffled after each epoch.

verbose : int, default=0 The verbosity level.

epsilon : float, default=0.1 Epsilon in the epsilon-insensitive loss functions; only if `loss` is 'huber', 'epsilon_insensitive', or 'squared_epsilon_insensitive'. For 'huber', determines the threshold at which it becomes less important to get the prediction exactly right. For epsilon-insensitive, any differences between the current prediction and the correct label are ignored if they are less than this threshold.

n_jobs : int, default=None The number of CPUs to use to do the OVA (One Versus All, for multi-class problems) computation. ``None`` means 1 unless in a :obj:`joblib.parallel_backend` context. ``-1`` means using all processors. See :term:`Glossary <n_jobs>` for more details.

random_state : int, RandomState instance, default=None The seed of the pseudo random number generator to use when shuffling the data. If int, random_state is the seed used by the random number generator; If RandomState instance, random_state is the random number generator; If None, the random number generator is the RandomState instance used by `np.random`.

learning_rate : str, default='optimal' The learning rate schedule:

'constant': eta = eta0 'optimal': default eta = 1.0 / (alpha * (t + t0)) where t0 is chosen by a heuristic proposed by Leon Bottou. 'invscaling': eta = eta0 / pow(t, power_t) 'adaptive': eta = eta0, as long as the training keeps decreasing. Each time n_iter_no_change consecutive epochs fail to decrease the training loss by tol or fail to increase validation score by tol if early_stopping is True, the current learning rate is divided by 5.

eta0 : double, default=0.0 The initial learning rate for the 'constant', 'invscaling' or 'adaptive' schedules. The default value is 0.0 as eta0 is not used by the default schedule 'optimal'.

power_t : double, default=0.5 The exponent for inverse scaling learning rate default 0.5.

early_stopping : bool, default=False Whether to use early stopping to terminate training when validation score is not improving. If set to True, it will automatically set aside a stratified fraction of training data as validation and terminate training when validation score is not improving by at least tol for n_iter_no_change consecutive epochs.

.. versionadded:: 0.20

validation_fraction : float, default=0.1 The proportion of training data to set aside as validation set for early stopping. Must be between 0 and 1. Only used if early_stopping is True.

.. versionadded:: 0.20

n_iter_no_change : int, default=5 Number of iterations with no improvement to wait before early stopping.

.. versionadded:: 0.20

class_weight : dict, class_label: weight or "balanced", default=None Preset for the class_weight fit parameter.

Weights associated with classes. If not given, all classes are supposed to have weight one.

The "balanced" mode uses the values of y to automatically adjust weights inversely proportional to class frequencies in the input data as ``n_samples / (n_classes * np.bincount(y))``.

warm_start : bool, default=False When set to True, reuse the solution of the previous call to fit as initialization, otherwise, just erase the previous solution. See :term:`the Glossary <warm_start>`.

Repeatedly calling fit or partial_fit when warm_start is True can result in a different solution than when calling fit a single time because of the way the data is shuffled. If a dynamic learning rate is used, the learning rate is adapted depending on the number of samples already seen. Calling ``fit`` resets this counter, while ``partial_fit`` will result in increasing the existing counter.

average : bool or int, default=False When set to True, computes the averaged SGD weights and stores the result in the ``coef_`` attribute. If set to an int greater than 1, averaging will begin once the total number of samples seen reaches average. So ``average=10`` will begin averaging after seeing 10 samples.

Attributes ---------- coef_ : ndarray of shape (1, n_features) if n_classes == 2 else (n_classes, n_features) Weights assigned to the features.

intercept_ : ndarray of shape (1,) if n_classes == 2 else (n_classes,) Constants in decision function.

n_iter_ : int The actual number of iterations to reach the stopping criterion. For multiclass fits, it is the maximum over every binary fit.

loss_function_ : concrete ``LossFunction``

classes_ : array of shape (n_classes,)

t_ : int Number of weight updates performed during training. Same as ``(n_iter_ * n_samples)``.

See Also -------- sklearn.svm.LinearSVC: Linear support vector classification. LogisticRegression: Logistic regression. Perceptron: Inherits from SGDClassifier. ``Perceptron()`` is equivalent to ``SGDClassifier(loss="perceptron", eta0=1, learning_rate="constant", penalty=None)``.

Examples -------- >>> import numpy as np >>> from sklearn import linear_model >>> X = np.array([-1, -1], [-2, -1], [1, 1], [2, 1]) >>> Y = np.array(1, 1, 2, 2) >>> clf = linear_model.SGDClassifier(max_iter=1000, tol=1e-3) >>> clf.fit(X, Y) SGDClassifier()

>>> print(clf.predict([-0.8, -1])) 1

Predict confidence scores for samples.

The confidence score for a sample is the signed distance of that sample to the hyperplane.

Parameters ---------- X : array_like or sparse matrix, shape (n_samples, n_features) Samples.

Returns ------- array, shape=(n_samples,) if n_classes == 2 else (n_samples, n_classes) Confidence scores per (sample, class) combination. In the binary case, confidence score for self.classes_1 where >0 means this class would be predicted.

Convert coefficient matrix to dense array format.

Converts the ``coef_`` member (back) to a numpy.ndarray. This is the default format of ``coef_`` and is required for fitting, so calling this method is only required on models that have previously been sparsified; otherwise, it is a no-op.

Returns ------- self Fitted estimator.

Fit linear model with Stochastic Gradient Descent.

Parameters ---------- X : array-like, sparse matrix, shape (n_samples, n_features) Training data.

y : ndarray of shape (n_samples,) Target values.

coef_init : ndarray of shape (n_classes, n_features), default=None The initial coefficients to warm-start the optimization.

intercept_init : ndarray of shape (n_classes,), default=None The initial intercept to warm-start the optimization.

sample_weight : array-like, shape (n_samples,), default=None Weights applied to individual samples. If not provided, uniform weights are assumed. These weights will be multiplied with class_weight (passed through the constructor) if class_weight is specified.

Returns ------- self : Returns an instance of self.

Get parameters for this estimator.

Parameters ---------- deep : bool, default=True If True, will return the parameters for this estimator and contained subobjects that are estimators.

Returns ------- params : mapping of string to any Parameter names mapped to their values.

Perform one epoch of stochastic gradient descent on given samples.

Internally, this method uses ``max_iter = 1``. Therefore, it is not guaranteed that a minimum of the cost function is reached after calling it once. Matters such as objective convergence and early stopping should be handled by the user.

Parameters ---------- X : array-like, sparse matrix, shape (n_samples, n_features) Subset of the training data.

y : ndarray of shape (n_samples,) Subset of the target values.

classes : ndarray of shape (n_classes,), default=None Classes across all calls to partial_fit. Can be obtained by via `np.unique(y_all)`, where y_all is the target vector of the entire dataset. This argument is required for the first call to partial_fit and can be omitted in the subsequent calls. Note that y doesn't need to contain all labels in `classes`.

sample_weight : array-like, shape (n_samples,), default=None Weights applied to individual samples. If not provided, uniform weights are assumed.

Returns ------- self : Returns an instance of self.

Predict class labels for samples in X.

Parameters ---------- X : array_like or sparse matrix, shape (n_samples, n_features) Samples.

Returns ------- C : array, shape n_samples Predicted class label per sample.

Return the mean accuracy on the given test data and labels.

In multi-label classification, this is the subset accuracy which is a harsh metric since you require for each sample that each label set be correctly predicted.

Parameters ---------- X : array-like of shape (n_samples, n_features) Test samples.

y : array-like of shape (n_samples,) or (n_samples, n_outputs) True labels for X.

sample_weight : array-like of shape (n_samples,), default=None Sample weights.

Returns ------- score : float Mean accuracy of self.predict(X) wrt. y.

Set and validate the parameters of estimator.

Parameters ---------- **kwargs : dict Estimator parameters.

Returns ------- self : object Estimator instance.

Convert coefficient matrix to sparse format.

Converts the ``coef_`` member to a scipy.sparse matrix, which for L1-regularized models can be much more memory- and storage-efficient than the usual numpy.ndarray representation.

The ``intercept_`` member is not converted.

Returns ------- self Fitted estimator.

Notes ----- For non-sparse models, i.e. when there are not many zeros in ``coef_``, this may actually *increase* memory usage, so use this method with care. A rule of thumb is that the number of zero elements, which can be computed with ``(coef_ == 0).sum()``, must be more than 50% for this to provide significant benefits.

After calling this method, further fitting with the partial_fit method (if any) will not work until you call densify.

Attribute coef_: see constructor for documentation

Attribute intercept_: see constructor for documentation

Attribute n_iter_: see constructor for documentation

Attribute loss_function_: see constructor for documentation

Attribute classes_: see constructor for documentation

Attribute t_: see constructor for documentation

Print the object to a human-readable representation.

Print the object to a human-readable representation.

Pretty-print the object to a formatter.