Singular Value Decomposition.
When `a` is a 2D array, it is factorized as ``u @ np.diag(s) @ vh = (u * s) @ vh``, where `u` and `vh` are 2D unitary arrays and `s` is a 1D array of `a`'s singular values. When `a` is higher-dimensional, SVD is applied in stacked mode as explained below.
Parameters ---------- a : (..., M, N) array_like A real or complex array with ``a.ndim >= 2``. full_matrices : bool, optional If True (default), `u` and `vh` have the shapes ``(..., M, M)`` and ``(..., N, N)``, respectively. Otherwise, the shapes are ``(..., M, K)`` and ``(..., K, N)``, respectively, where ``K = min(M, N)``. compute_uv : bool, optional Whether or not to compute `u` and `vh` in addition to `s`. True by default. hermitian : bool, optional If True, `a` is assumed to be Hermitian (symmetric if real-valued), enabling a more efficient method for finding singular values. Defaults to False.
.. versionadded:: 1.17.0
Returns ------- u : (..., M, M), (..., M, K)
array Unitary array(s). The first ``a.ndim - 2`` dimensions have the same size as those of the input `a`. The size of the last two dimensions depends on the value of `full_matrices`. Only returned when `compute_uv` is True. s : (..., K) array Vector(s) with the singular values, within each vector sorted in descending order. The first ``a.ndim - 2`` dimensions have the same size as those of the input `a`. vh : (..., N, N), (..., K, N)
array Unitary array(s). The first ``a.ndim - 2`` dimensions have the same size as those of the input `a`. The size of the last two dimensions depends on the value of `full_matrices`. Only returned when `compute_uv` is True.
Raises ------ LinAlgError If SVD computation does not converge.
See Also -------- scipy.linalg.svd : Similar function in SciPy. scipy.linalg.svdvals : Compute singular values of a matrix.
Notes -----
.. versionchanged:: 1.8.0 Broadcasting rules apply, see the `numpy.linalg` documentation for details.
The decomposition is performed using LAPACK routine ``_gesdd``.
SVD is usually described for the factorization of a 2D matrix :math:`A`. The higher-dimensional case will be discussed below. In the 2D case, SVD is written as :math:`A = U S V^H`, where :math:`A = a`, :math:`U= u`, :math:`S= \mathttnp.diag
(s)` and :math:`V^H = vh`. The 1D array `s` contains the singular values of `a` and `u` and `vh` are unitary. The rows of `vh` are the eigenvectors of :math:`A^H A` and the columns of `u` are the eigenvectors of :math:`A A^H`. In both cases the corresponding (possibly non-zero) eigenvalues are given by ``s**2``.
If `a` has more than two dimensions, then broadcasting rules apply, as explained in :ref:`routines.linalg-broadcasting`. This means that SVD is working in 'stacked' mode: it iterates over all indices of the first ``a.ndim - 2`` dimensions and for each combination SVD is applied to the last two indices. The matrix `a` can be reconstructed from the decomposition with either ``(u * s..., None, :
) @ vh`` or ``u @ (s..., None
* vh)``. (The ``@`` operator can be replaced by the function ``np.matmul`` for python versions below 3.5.)
If `a` is a ``matrix`` object (as opposed to an ``ndarray``), then so are all the return values.
Examples -------- >>> a = np.random.randn(9, 6) + 1j*np.random.randn(9, 6) >>> b = np.random.randn(2, 7, 8, 3) + 1j*np.random.randn(2, 7, 8, 3)
Reconstruction based on full SVD, 2D case:
>>> u, s, vh = np.linalg.svd(a, full_matrices=True) >>> u.shape, s.shape, vh.shape ((9, 9), (6,), (6, 6)) >>> np.allclose(a, np.dot(u:, :6
* s, vh)) True >>> smat = np.zeros((9, 6), dtype=complex) >>> smat:6, :6
= np.diag(s) >>> np.allclose(a, np.dot(u, np.dot(smat, vh))) True
Reconstruction based on reduced SVD, 2D case:
>>> u, s, vh = np.linalg.svd(a, full_matrices=False) >>> u.shape, s.shape, vh.shape ((9, 6), (6,), (6, 6)) >>> np.allclose(a, np.dot(u * s, vh)) True >>> smat = np.diag(s) >>> np.allclose(a, np.dot(u, np.dot(smat, vh))) True
Reconstruction based on full SVD, 4D case:
>>> u, s, vh = np.linalg.svd(b, full_matrices=True) >>> u.shape, s.shape, vh.shape ((2, 7, 8, 8), (2, 7, 3), (2, 7, 3, 3)) >>> np.allclose(b, np.matmul(u..., :3
* s..., None, :
, vh)) True >>> np.allclose(b, np.matmul(u..., :3
, s..., None
* vh)) True
Reconstruction based on reduced SVD, 4D case:
>>> u, s, vh = np.linalg.svd(b, full_matrices=False) >>> u.shape, s.shape, vh.shape ((2, 7, 8, 3), (2, 7, 3), (2, 7, 3, 3)) >>> np.allclose(b, np.matmul(u * s..., None, :
, vh)) True >>> np.allclose(b, np.matmul(u, s..., None
* vh)) True