Map
is a functional data structure (balanced binary tree) implementing finite maps over a totally-ordered domain, called a "key".
For example:
let empty = Map.empty (module String)
let numbers =
Map.of_alist_exn (module String)
["three", Substr "three"; "four", Substr "four"]
Note that the functions in Map are polymorphic over the type of the key and of the data; you just need to pass in the first-class module for the key type (here, String
).
Suppose you wanted to define a new module Foo
to use in a map. You would write:
module Foo = struct
module T = struct
type t = int * int
let compare x y = Tuple2.compare Int.compare Int.compare
let sexp_of_t = Tuple2.sexp_of_t Int.sexp_of_t Int.sexp_of_t
end
include T
include Comparable.Make(T)
end
This gives you a module Foo
with the appropriate comparator in it, and then this:
let m = Map.empty (module Foo)
lets you create a map keyed by Foo
. The reason you need to write a sexp-converter and a comparison function for this to work is that maps both need comparison and the ability to serialize the key for generating useful errors. It's yet nicer to do this with the appropriate PPXs:
module Foo = struct
module T =
struct type t = int * int [@@deriving sexp_of, compare] end
include T
include Comparable.Make(T)
end
The interface
type ('key, +'value, 'cmp) t = ('key, 'value, 'cmp) Base.Map.t
val invariants : (_, _, _) t -> Base.Bool.t
Test if invariants of internal AVL search tree hold.
val comparator_s : ('a, _, 'cmp) t -> ('a, 'cmp) comparator
val singleton : ('a, 'cmp) comparator -> 'a -> 'b -> ('a, 'b, 'cmp) t
Map with one (key, data) pair.
val of_alist :
('a, 'cmp) comparator ->
('a * 'b) Base.List.t ->
[ `Ok of ('a, 'b, 'cmp) t | `Duplicate_key of 'a ]
Creates map from an association list with unique keys.
Creates map from an association list with unique keys. Returns an error if duplicate 'a
keys are found.
val of_alist_exn :
('a, 'cmp) comparator ->
('a * 'b) Base.List.t ->
('a, 'b, 'cmp) t
Creates map from an association list with unique keys. Raises an exception if duplicate 'a
keys are found.
of_hashtbl_exn
creates a map from bindings present in a hash table. of_hashtbl_exn
raises if there are distinct keys a1
and a2
in the table with comparator.compare a1 a2 = 0
, which is only possible if the hash-table comparison function is different than comparator.compare
. In the common case, the comparison is the same, in which case of_hashtbl_exn
does not raise, regardless of the keys present in the table.
val of_alist_multi :
('a, 'cmp) comparator ->
('a * 'b) Base.List.t ->
('a, 'b Base.List.t, 'cmp) t
Creates map from an association list with possibly repeated keys.
val of_alist_fold :
('a, 'cmp) comparator ->
('a * 'b) Base.List.t ->
init:'c ->
f:('c -> 'b -> 'c) ->
('a, 'c, 'cmp) t
Combines an association list into a map, folding together bound values with common keys.
val of_alist_reduce :
('a, 'cmp) comparator ->
('a * 'b) Base.List.t ->
f:('b -> 'b -> 'b) ->
('a, 'b, 'cmp) t
Combines an association list into a map, reducing together bound values with common keys.
val of_iteri :
('a, 'cmp) comparator ->
iteri:(f:(key:'a -> data:'b -> Base.Unit.t) -> Base.Unit.t) ->
[ `Ok of ('a, 'b, 'cmp) t | `Duplicate_key of 'a ]
of_iteri ~iteri
behaves like of_alist
, except that instead of taking a concrete datastruture, it takes an iteration function. For instance, to convert a string table into a map: of_iteri (module String) ~f:(Hashtbl.iteri table)
. It is faster than adding the elements one by one.
Trees
Parallel to the three kinds of map modules Map
, Map.Poly
, and Key.Map
, there are also tree modules Map.Tree
, Map.Poly.Tree
, and Key.Map.Tree
. A tree is a bare representation of a map, without the comparator. Thus tree operations need to obtain the comparator from somewhere. For Map.Poly.Tree
and Key.Map.Tree
, the comparator is implicit in the module name. For Map.Tree
, the comparator must be passed to each operation.
The main advantages of trees over maps are slightly improved space usage (there is no outer container holding the comparator) and the ability to marshal trees, because a tree doesn't contain a closure, the way a map does.
The main disadvantages of using trees are needing to be more explicit about the comparator, and the possibility of accidentally using polymorphic equality on a tree (for which maps dynamically detect failure due to the presence of a closure in the data structure).
module Tree : sig ... end
val to_tree : ('k, 'v, 'cmp) t -> ('k, 'v, 'cmp) Tree.t
Creates a t
from a Tree.t
and a Comparator.t
. This is an O(n) operation as it must discover the length of the Tree.t
.
More interface
Creates map from a sorted array of key-data pairs. The input array must be sorted, as given by the relevant comparator (either in ascending or descending order), and must not contain any duplicate keys. If either of these conditions does not hold, an error is returned.
val of_sorted_array_unchecked :
('a, 'cmp) comparator ->
('a * 'b) Base.Array.t ->
('a, 'b, 'cmp) t
Like of_sorted_array
except it returns a map with broken invariants when an Error
would have been returned.
val of_increasing_iterator_unchecked :
('a, 'cmp) comparator ->
len:Base.Int.t ->
f:(Base.Int.t -> 'a * 'b) ->
('a, 'b, 'cmp) t
of_increasing_iterator_unchecked c ~len ~f
behaves like of_sorted_array_unchecked c (Array.init len ~f)
, with the additional restriction that a decreasing order is not supported. The advantage is not requiring you to allocate an intermediate array. f
will be called with 0, 1, ... len - 1
, in order.
of_increasing_sequence c seq
behaves like of_sorted_array c
(Sequence.to_array seq)
, but does not allocate the intermediate array.
The sequence will be folded over once, and the additional time complexity is O(n).
val is_empty : (_, _, _) t -> Base.Bool.t
Tests whether a map is empty or not.
val length : (_, _, _) t -> Base.Int.t
length map
returns number of elements in map
. O(1), but Tree.length
is O(n).
val add :
('k, 'v, 'cmp) t ->
key:'k ->
data:'v ->
('k, 'v, 'cmp) t Core_kernel__.Map_intf.Or_duplicate.t
add_exn t ~key ~data
returns t
extended with key
mapped to data
, raising if mem key t
.
val add_exn : ('k, 'v, 'cmp) t -> key:'k -> data:'v -> ('k, 'v, 'cmp) t
val set : ('k, 'v, 'cmp) t -> key:'k -> data:'v -> ('k, 'v, 'cmp) t
Returns a new map with the specified new binding; if the key was already bound, its previous binding disappears.
val add_multi :
('k, 'v Base.List.t, 'cmp) t ->
key:'k ->
data:'v ->
('k, 'v Base.List.t, 'cmp) t
If key
is not present then add a singleton list, otherwise, cons data onto the head of the existing list.
val remove_multi :
('k, 'v Base.List.t, 'cmp) t ->
'k ->
('k, 'v Base.List.t, 'cmp) t
If k
is present then remove its head element; if result is empty, remove the key.
val find_multi : ('k, 'v Base.List.t, 'cmp) t -> 'k -> 'v Base.List.t
find_multi t key
returns t
's values for key
if key
is present in the table, and returns the empty list otherwise.
val change :
('k, 'v, 'cmp) t ->
'k ->
f:('v Base.Option.t -> 'v Base.Option.t) ->
('k, 'v, 'cmp) t
change t key ~f
returns a new map m
that is the same as t
on all keys except for key
, and whose value for key
is defined by f
, i.e., find m key = f (find t
key)
.
val update :
('k, 'v, 'cmp) t ->
'k ->
f:('v Base.Option.t -> 'v) ->
('k, 'v, 'cmp) t
update t key ~f
is change t key ~f:(fun o -> Some (f o))
.
val find : ('k, 'v, 'cmp) t -> 'k -> 'v Base.Option.t
Returns the value bound to the given key if it exists, and None
otherwise.
val find_exn : ('k, 'v, 'cmp) t -> 'k -> 'v
Returns the value bound to the given key, raising Not_found
if none such exists.
val find_or_error : ('k, 'v, 'cmp) t -> 'k -> 'v Or_error.t
val remove : ('k, 'v, 'cmp) t -> 'k -> ('k, 'v, 'cmp) t
Returns a new map with any binding for the key in question removed.
val mem : ('k, _, 'cmp) t -> 'k -> Base.Bool.t
mem map key
tests whether map
contains a binding for key
.
val iter_keys : ('k, _, _) t -> f:('k -> Base.Unit.t) -> Base.Unit.t
val iter : (_, 'v, _) t -> f:('v -> Base.Unit.t) -> Base.Unit.t
val iteri :
('k, 'v, _) t ->
f:(key:'k -> data:'v -> Base.Unit.t) ->
Base.Unit.t
val iter2 :
('k, 'v1, 'cmp) t ->
('k, 'v2, 'cmp) t ->
f:
(key:'k ->
data:[ `Left of 'v1 | `Right of 'v2 | `Both of 'v1 * 'v2 ] ->
Base.Unit.t) ->
Base.Unit.t
Iterates two maps side by side. The complexity of this function is O(M+N). If two inputs are [(0, a); (1, a)]
and [(1, b); (2, b)]
, f
will be called with [(0, `Left a); (1, `Both (a, b)); (2, `Right b)]
val map : ('k, 'v1, 'cmp) t -> f:('v1 -> 'v2) -> ('k, 'v2, 'cmp) t
Returns new map with bound values replaced by the result of f
applied to them.
val mapi :
('k, 'v1, 'cmp) t ->
f:(key:'k -> data:'v1 -> 'v2) ->
('k, 'v2, 'cmp) t
Like map
, but f
takes both key and data as arguments.
val fold : ('k, 'v, _) t -> init:'a -> f:(key:'k -> data:'v -> 'a -> 'a) -> 'a
Folds over keys and data in map in increasing order of key.
val fold_right :
('k, 'v, _) t ->
init:'a ->
f:(key:'k -> data:'v -> 'a -> 'a) ->
'a
Folds over keys and data in map in decreasing order of key.
val fold2 :
('k, 'v1, 'cmp) t ->
('k, 'v2, 'cmp) t ->
init:'a ->
f:
(key:'k ->
data:[ `Left of 'v1 | `Right of 'v2 | `Both of 'v1 * 'v2 ] ->
'a ->
'a) ->
'a
Folds over two maps side by side, like iter2
.
filter
, filteri
, filter_keys
, filter_map
, and filter_mapi
run in O(n * lg n) time; they simply accumulate each key & data retained by f
into a new map using add
.
val filter_keys : ('k, 'v, 'cmp) t -> f:('k -> Base.Bool.t) -> ('k, 'v, 'cmp) t
val filter : ('k, 'v, 'cmp) t -> f:('v -> Base.Bool.t) -> ('k, 'v, 'cmp) t
val filteri :
('k, 'v, 'cmp) t ->
f:(key:'k -> data:'v -> Base.Bool.t) ->
('k, 'v, 'cmp) t
val filter_map :
('k, 'v1, 'cmp) t ->
f:('v1 -> 'v2 Base.Option.t) ->
('k, 'v2, 'cmp) t
Returns new map with bound values filtered by the result of f
applied to them.
val filter_mapi :
('k, 'v1, 'cmp) t ->
f:(key:'k -> data:'v1 -> 'v2 Base.Option.t) ->
('k, 'v2, 'cmp) t
Like filter_map
, but function takes both key and data as arguments.
val partition_mapi :
('k, 'v1, 'cmp) t ->
f:(key:'k -> data:'v1 -> [ `Fst of 'v2 | `Snd of 'v3 ]) ->
('k, 'v2, 'cmp) t * ('k, 'v3, 'cmp) t
partition_mapi t ~f
returns two new t
s, with each key in t
appearing in exactly one of the result maps depending on its mapping in f
.
val partition_map :
('k, 'v1, 'cmp) t ->
f:('v1 -> [ `Fst of 'v2 | `Snd of 'v3 ]) ->
('k, 'v2, 'cmp) t * ('k, 'v3, 'cmp) t
partition_map t ~f = partition_mapi t ~f:(fun ~key:_ ~data -> f data)
val partitioni_tf :
('k, 'v, 'cmp) t ->
f:(key:'k -> data:'v -> Base.Bool.t) ->
('k, 'v, 'cmp) t * ('k, 'v, 'cmp) t
partitioni_tf t ~f
=
partition_mapi t ~f:(fun ~key ~data ->
if f ~key ~data
then `Fst data
else `Snd data)
val partition_tf :
('k, 'v, 'cmp) t ->
f:('v -> Base.Bool.t) ->
('k, 'v, 'cmp) t * ('k, 'v, 'cmp) t
partition_tf t ~f = partitioni_tf t ~f:(fun ~key:_ ~data -> f data)
val compare_direct :
('v -> 'v -> Base.Int.t) ->
('k, 'v, 'cmp) t ->
('k, 'v, 'cmp) t ->
Base.Int.t
Total ordering between maps. The first argument is a total ordering used to compare data associated with equal keys in the two maps.
val hash_fold_direct :
'k Core_kernel__.Import.Hash.folder ->
'v Core_kernel__.Import.Hash.folder ->
('k, 'v, 'cmp) t Core_kernel__.Import.Hash.folder
Hash function: a building block to use when hashing data structures containing maps in them. hash_fold_direct hash_fold_key
is compatible with compare_direct
iff hash_fold_key
is compatible with (comparator m).compare
of the map m
being hashed.
val equal :
('v -> 'v -> Base.Bool.t) ->
('k, 'v, 'cmp) t ->
('k, 'v, 'cmp) t ->
Base.Bool.t
equal cmp m1 m2
tests whether the maps m1
and m2
are equal, that is, contain equal keys and associate them with equal data. cmp
is the equality predicate used to compare the data associated with the keys.
val keys : ('k, _, _) t -> 'k Base.List.t
Returns list of keys in map.
val data : (_, 'v, _) t -> 'v Base.List.t
Returns list of data in map.
val to_alist :
?key_order:[ `Increasing | `Decreasing ] ->
('k, 'v, _) t ->
('k * 'v) Base.List.t
Creates association list from map.
val validate :
name:('k -> Base.String.t) ->
'v Core_kernel__.Import.Validate.check ->
('k, 'v, _) t Core_kernel__.Import.Validate.check
Additional operations on maps
val merge :
('k, 'v1, 'cmp) t ->
('k, 'v2, 'cmp) t ->
f:
(key:'k ->
[ `Left of 'v1 | `Right of 'v2 | `Both of 'v1 * 'v2 ] ->
'v3 Base.Option.t) ->
('k, 'v3, 'cmp) t
Merges two maps. The runtime is O(length(t1) + length(t2)). In particular, you shouldn't use this function to merge a list of maps. Consider using merge_skewed
instead.
val merge_skewed :
('k, 'v, 'cmp) t ->
('k, 'v, 'cmp) t ->
combine:(key:'k -> 'v -> 'v -> 'v) ->
('k, 'v, 'cmp) t
A special case of merge
, merge_skewed t1 t2
is a map containing all the bindings of t1
and t2
. Bindings that appear in both t1
and t2
are merged using the combine
function. In a call combine ~key v1 v2
the value v1
comes from t1
and v2
from t2
.
The runtime of merge_skewed
is O(l1 * log(l2))
, where l1
is the length of the smaller map and l2
the length of the larger map. This is likely to be faster than merge
when one of the maps is a lot smaller, or when you merge a list of maps.
symmetric_diff t1 t2 ~data_equal
returns a list of changes between t1
and t2
. It is intended to be efficient in the case where t1
and t2
share a large amount of structure. The keys in the output sequence will be in sorted order.
val min_elt : ('k, 'v, _) t -> ('k * 'v) Base.Option.t
min_elt map
returns Some (key, data)
pair corresponding to the minimum key in map
, None
if map
is empty.
val min_elt_exn : ('k, 'v, _) t -> 'k * 'v
val max_elt : ('k, 'v, _) t -> ('k * 'v) Base.Option.t
max_elt map
returns Some (key, data)
pair corresponding to the maximum key in map
, and None
if map
is empty.
val max_elt_exn : ('k, 'v, _) t -> 'k * 'v
The following functions have the same semantics as similar functions in Core_kernel.List
.
val for_all : ('k, 'v, _) t -> f:('v -> Base.Bool.t) -> Base.Bool.t
val for_alli :
('k, 'v, _) t ->
f:(key:'k -> data:'v -> Base.Bool.t) ->
Base.Bool.t
val exists : ('k, 'v, _) t -> f:('v -> Base.Bool.t) -> Base.Bool.t
val existsi :
('k, 'v, _) t ->
f:(key:'k -> data:'v -> Base.Bool.t) ->
Base.Bool.t
val count : ('k, 'v, _) t -> f:('v -> Base.Bool.t) -> Base.Int.t
val counti :
('k, 'v, _) t ->
f:(key:'k -> data:'v -> Base.Bool.t) ->
Base.Int.t
val split :
('k, 'v, 'cmp) t ->
'k ->
('k, 'v, 'cmp) t * ('k * 'v) Base.Option.t * ('k, 'v, 'cmp) t
split t key
returns a map of keys strictly less than key
, the mapping of key
if any, and a map of keys strictly greater than key
.
Runtime is O(m + log n) where n is the size of the input map, and m is the size of the smaller of the two output maps. The O(m) term is due to the need to calculate the length of the output maps. *
val append :
lower_part:('k, 'v, 'cmp) t ->
upper_part:('k, 'v, 'cmp) t ->
[ `Ok of ('k, 'v, 'cmp) t | `Overlapping_key_ranges ]
append ~lower_part ~upper_part
returns `Ok map
where map
contains all the (key,
value)
pairs from the two input maps if all the keys from lower_part
are less than all the keys from upper_part
. Otherwise it returns `Overlapping_key_ranges
.
Runtime is O(log n) where n is the size of the larger input map. This can be significantly faster than Map.merge
or repeated Map.add
.
assert (match Map.append ~lower_part ~upper_part with
| `Ok whole_map ->
whole_map
= Map.(of_alist_exn (List.append (to_alist lower_part) (to_alist upper_part)))
| `Overlapping_key_ranges -> true);
subrange t ~lower_bound ~upper_bound
returns a map containing all the entries from t
whose keys lie inside the interval indicated by ~lower_bound
and ~upper_bound
. If this interval is empty, an empty map is returned.
Runtime is O(m + log n) where n is the size of the input map, and m is the size of the output map. The O(m) term is due to the need to calculate the length of the output map.
val fold_range_inclusive :
('k, 'v, 'cmp) t ->
min:'k ->
max:'k ->
init:'a ->
f:(key:'k -> data:'v -> 'a -> 'a) ->
'a
fold_range_inclusive t ~min ~max ~init ~f
folds f
(with initial value ~init
) over all keys (and their associated values) that are in the range [min, max]
(inclusive).
val range_to_alist :
('k, 'v, 'cmp) t ->
min:'k ->
max:'k ->
('k * 'v) Base.List.t
range_to_alist t ~min ~max
returns an associative list of the elements whose keys lie in [min, max]
(inclusive), with the smallest key being at the head of the list.
val closest_key :
('k, 'v, 'cmp) t ->
[ `Greater_or_equal_to | `Greater_than | `Less_or_equal_to | `Less_than ] ->
'k ->
('k * 'v) Base.Option.t
closest_key t dir k
returns the (key, value)
pair in t
with key
closest to k
, which satisfies the given inequality bound.
For example, closest_key t `Less_than k
would be the pair with the closest key to k
where key < k
.
to_sequence
can be used to get the same results as closest_key
. It is less efficient for individual lookups but more efficient for finding many elements starting at some value.
val nth : ('k, 'v, _) t -> Base.Int.t -> ('k * 'v) Base.Option.t
nth t n
finds the (key, value) pair of rank n (i.e., such that there are exactly n keys strictly less than the found key), if one exists. O(log(length t) + n) time.
val nth_exn : ('k, 'v, _) t -> Base.Int.t -> 'k * 'v
val rank : ('k, 'v, 'cmp) t -> 'k -> Base.Int.t Base.Option.t
rank t k
if k
is in t
, returns the number of keys strictly less than k
in t
, otherwise None
.
val to_sequence :
?order:[ `Increasing_key | `Decreasing_key ] ->
?keys_greater_or_equal_to:'k ->
?keys_less_or_equal_to:'k ->
('k, 'v, 'cmp) t ->
('k * 'v) Sequence.t
to_sequence ?order ?keys_greater_or_equal_to ?keys_less_or_equal_to t
gives a sequence of key-value pairs between keys_less_or_equal_to
and keys_greater_or_equal_to
inclusive, presented in order
. If keys_greater_or_equal_to > keys_less_or_equal_to
, the sequence is empty. Cost is O(log n) up front and amortized O(1) to produce each element.
This shrinker and the other shrinkers for maps and trees produce a shrunk value by dropping a key-value pair, shrinking a key or shrinking a value. A shrunk key will override an existing key's value.
Which Map module should you use?
The map types and operations appear in three places:
- Map: polymorphic map operations
- Map.Poly: maps that use polymorphic comparison to order keys
- Key.Map: maps with a fixed key type that use
Key.compare
to order keys
where Key
is any module defining values that can be used as keys of a map, like Int
, String
, etc. To add this functionality to an arbitrary module, use the Comparable.Make
functor.
You should use Map
for functions that access existing maps, like find
, mem
, add
, fold
, iter
, and to_alist
. For functions that create maps, like empty
, singleton
, and of_alist
, strive to use the corresponding Key.Map
function, which will use the comparison function specifically for Key
. As a last resort, if you don't have easy access to a comparison function for the keys in your map, use Map.Poly
to create the map. This will use OCaml's built-in polymorphic comparison to compare keys, with all the usual performance and robustness problems that entails.
Interface design details
An instance of the map type is determined by the types of the map's keys and values, and the comparison function used to order the keys:
type ('key, 'value, 'cmp) Map.t
'cmp
is a phantom type uniquely identifying the comparison function, as generated by Comparator.Make
.
Map.Poly
supports arbitrary key and value types, but enforces that the comparison function used to order the keys is polymorphic comparison. Key.Map
has a fixed key type and comparison function, and supports arbitrary values.
type ('key, 'value) Map.Poly.t = ('key , 'value, Comparator.Poly.t) Map.t
type 'value Key.Map.t = (Key.t, 'value, Key.comparator ) Map.t
The same map operations exist in Map
, Map.Poly
, and Key.Map
, albeit with different types. For example:
val Map.length : (_, _, _) Map.t -> int
val Map.Poly.length : (_, _) Map.Poly.t -> int
val Key.Map.length : _ Key.Map.t -> int
Because Map.Poly.t
and Key.Map.t
are exposed as instances of the more general Map.t
type, one can use Map.length
on any map. The same is true for all of the functions that access an existing map, such as add
, change
, find
, fold
, iter
, map
, to_alist
, etc.
Depending on the number of type variables N
, the type of accessor (resp. creator) functions is defined in the module type AccessorsN
(CreatorsN
) in Map_intf
. Also for creators, when the comparison function is not fixed, i.e., the 'cmp
variable of Map.t
is free, we need to pass a comparator to the function creating the map. The module type is called Creators3_with_comparator
. There is also a module type Accessors3_with_comparator
in addition to Accessors3
which used for trees since the comparator is not known.
module Poly : sig ... end
include For_deriving with type ('a, 'b, 'c) t := ('a, 'b, 'c) t
val sexp_of_m__t :
(module Sexp_of_m with type t = 'k) ->
('v -> Base__.Sexp.t) ->
('k, 'v, 'cmp) t ->
Base__.Sexp.t
val m__t_of_sexp :
(module M_of_sexp with type comparator_witness = 'cmp and type t = 'k) ->
(Base__.Sexp.t -> 'v) ->
Base__.Sexp.t ->
('k, 'v, 'cmp) t
val compare_m__t :
(module Compare_m) ->
('v -> 'v -> int) ->
('k, 'v, 'cmp) t ->
('k, 'v, 'cmp) t ->
int
val hash_fold_m__t :
(module Hash_fold_m with type t = 'k) ->
(Base__.Hash.state -> 'v -> Base__.Hash.state) ->
Base__.Hash.state ->
('k, 'v, 'a) t ->
Base__.Hash.state
module M (K : sig ... end) : sig ... end
The following functors may be used to define stable modules