Explicit Runge-Kutta method of order 3(2).
This uses the Bogacki-Shampine pair of formulas 1_. The error is controlled assuming accuracy of the second-order method, but steps are taken using the third-order accurate formula (local extrapolation is done). A cubic Hermite polynomial is used for the dense output.
Can be applied in the complex domain.
Parameters ---------- fun : callable Right-hand side of the system. The calling signature is ``fun(t, y)``. Here ``t`` is a scalar and there are two options for ndarray ``y``. It can either have shape (n,), then ``fun`` must return array_like with shape (n,). Or alternatively it can have shape (n, k), then ``fun`` must return array_like with shape (n, k), i.e. each column corresponds to a single column in ``y``. The choice between the two options is determined by `vectorized` argument (see below). t0 : float Initial time. y0 : array_like, shape (n,) Initial state. t_bound : float Boundary time - the integration won't continue beyond it. It also determines the direction of the integration. first_step : float or None, optional Initial step size. Default is ``None`` which means that the algorithm should choose. max_step : float, optional Maximum allowed step size. Default is np.inf, i.e., the step size is not bounded and determined solely by the solver. rtol, atol : float and array_like, optional Relative and absolute tolerances. The solver keeps the local error estimates less than ``atol + rtol * abs(y)``. Here, `rtol` controls a relative accuracy (number of correct digits). But if a component of `y` is approximately below `atol`, the error only needs to fall within the same `atol` threshold, and the number of correct digits is not guaranteed. If components of y have different scales, it might be beneficial to set different `atol` values for different components by passing array_like with shape (n,) for `atol`. Default values are 1e-3 for `rtol` and 1e-6 for `atol`. vectorized : bool, optional Whether `fun` is implemented in a vectorized fashion. Default is False.
Attributes ---------- n : int Number of equations. status : string Current status of the solver: 'running', 'finished' or 'failed'. t_bound : float Boundary time. direction : float Integration direction: +1 or -1. t : float Current time. y : ndarray Current state. t_old : float Previous time. None if no steps were made yet. step_size : float Size of the last successful step. None if no steps were made yet. nfev : int Number evaluations of the system's right-hand side. njev : int Number of evaluations of the Jacobian. Is always 0 for this solver as it does not use the Jacobian. nlu : int Number of LU decompositions. Is always 0 for this solver.
References ---------- .. 1 P. Bogacki, L.F. Shampine, 'A 3(2) Pair of Runge-Kutta Formulas', Appl. Math. Lett. Vol. 2, No. 4. pp. 321-325, 1989.