Atomic references.
See the examples below. See 'Memory model: The hard bits' chapter in the manual.
val make : 'a -> 'a tCreate an atomic reference.
val get : 'a t -> 'aGet the current value of the atomic reference.
val set : 'a t -> 'a -> unitSet a new value for the atomic reference.
val exchange : 'a t -> 'a -> 'aSet a new value for the atomic reference, and return the current value.
val compare_and_set : 'a t -> 'a -> 'a -> boolcompare_and_set r seen v sets the new value of r to v only if its current value is physically equal to seen -- the comparison and the set occur atomically. Returns true if the comparison succeeded (so the set happened) and false otherwise.
val fetch_and_add : int t -> int -> intfetch_and_add r n atomically increments the value of r by n, and returns the current value (before the increment).
val incr : int t -> unitincr r atomically increments the value of r by 1.
val decr : int t -> unitdecr r atomically decrements the value of r by 1.
A basic use case is to have global counters that are updated in a thread-safe way, for example to keep some sorts of metrics over IOs performed by the program. Another basic use case is to coordinate the termination of threads in a given program, for example when one thread finds an answer, or when the program is shut down by the user.
Here, for example, we're going to try to find a number whose hash satisfies a basic property. To do that, we'll run multiple threads which will try random numbers until they find one that works.
Of course the output below is a sample run and will change every time the program is run.
(* use for termination *)
let stop_all_threads = Atomic.make false
(* total number of individual attempts to find a number *)
let num_attempts = Atomic.make 0
(* find a number that satisfies [p], by... trying random numbers
until one fits. *)
let find_number_where (p:int -> bool) =
let rand = Random.State.make_self_init() in
while not (Atomic.get stop_all_threads) do
let n = Random.State.full_int rand max_int in
ignore (Atomic.fetch_and_add num_attempts 1 : int);
if p (Hashtbl.hash n) then (
Printf.printf "found %d (hash=%d)\n%!" n (Hashtbl.hash n);
Atomic.set stop_all_threads true; (* signal all threads to stop *)
)
done;;
(* run multiple domains to search for a [n] where [hash n <= 100] *)
let () =
let criterion n = n <= 100 in
let threads =
Array.init 8
(fun _ -> Domain.spawn (fun () -> find_number_where criterion))
in
Array.iter Domain.join threads;
Printf.printf "total number of attempts: %d\n%!"
(Atomic.get num_attempts) ;;
- : unit = ()
found 1651745641680046833 (hash=33)
total number of attempts: 30230350Another example is a basic Treiber stack (a thread-safe stack) that can be safely shared between threads.
Note how both push and pop are recursive, because they attempt to swap the new stack (with one more, or one fewer, element) with the old stack. This is optimistic concurrency: each iteration of, say, push stack x gets the old stack l, and hopes that by the time it tries to replace l with x::l, nobody else has had time to modify the list. If the compare_and_set fails it means we were too optimistic, and must try again.
type 'a stack = 'a list Atomic.t
let rec push (stack: _ stack) elt : unit =
let cur = Atomic.get stack in
let success = Atomic.compare_and_set stack cur (elt :: cur) in
if not success then
push stack elt
let rec pop (stack: _ stack) : _ option =
let cur = Atomic.get stack in
match cur with
| [] -> None
| x :: tail ->
let success = Atomic.compare_and_set stack cur tail in
if success then Some x
else pop stack
# let st = Atomic.make []
# push st 1
- : unit = ()
# push st 2
- : unit = ()
# pop st
- : int option = Some 2
# pop st
- : int option = Some 1
# pop st
- : int option = None