Source file from_lcalc.ml

(* This file is part of the Catala compiler, a specification language for tax
   and social benefits computation rules. Copyright (C) 2021 Inria, contributor:
   Denis Merigoux <denis.merigoux@inria.fr>

   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
   use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
   the License at

   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
   WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
   License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
   the License. *)

open Catala_utils
open Shared_ast
module A = Ast
module L = Lcalc.Ast
module D = Dcalc.Ast

type translation_config = {
  keep_special_ops : bool;
  dead_value_assignment : bool;
  no_struct_literals : bool;
  keep_module_names : bool;
  renaming_context : Renaming.context;
}

type 'm ctxt = {
  func_dict : ('m L.expr, A.FuncName.t) Var.Map.t;
  var_dict : ('m L.expr, A.VarName.t) Var.Map.t;
  context_name : string;
  config : translation_config;
  program_ctx : A.ctx;
  ren_ctx : Renaming.context;
  poly_funcs : 'm L.expr Var.Set.t;
}

(** Blocks are constructed as reverse ordered lists. This module abstracts this
    and avoids confusion in ordering of statements (also opening the opportunity
    for more optimisations) *)
module RevBlock : sig
  type t = private A.block

  val empty : t
  val append : t -> A.stmt Mark.pos -> t
  val make : A.block -> t
  val seq : t -> t -> t
  val rebuild : ?tail:A.block -> t -> A.block
end = struct
  type t = A.block

  let empty = []
  let append t st = st :: t
  let make st = List.rev st
  let seq t1 t2 = t2 @ t1
  let rebuild ?(tail = []) t = List.rev_append t tail
end

let ( ++ ) = RevBlock.seq
let ( +> ) = RevBlock.append

let unbind ctxt bnd =
  let v, body, ren_ctx = Renaming.unbind_in ctxt.ren_ctx bnd in
  v, body, { ctxt with ren_ctx }

let unmbind ctxt bnd =
  let vs, body, ren_ctx = Renaming.unmbind_in ctxt.ren_ctx bnd in
  vs, body, { ctxt with ren_ctx }

let get_name ctxt s =
  let name, ren_ctx = Renaming.new_var_id ctxt.ren_ctx s in
  name, { ctxt with ren_ctx }

let fresh_var ~pos ctxt name =
  let v, ctxt = get_name ctxt name in
  A.VarName.fresh (v, pos), ctxt

let register_fresh_var ~pos ctxt x =
  let v = A.VarName.fresh (Bindlib.name_of x, pos) in
  let var_dict = Var.Map.add x v ctxt.var_dict in
  v, { ctxt with var_dict }

let register_fresh_func ~pos ~poly ctxt x =
  let f = A.FuncName.fresh (Bindlib.name_of x, pos) in
  let func_dict = Var.Map.add x f ctxt.func_dict in
  let poly_funcs =
    if poly then Var.Set.add x ctxt.poly_funcs else ctxt.poly_funcs
  in
  f, { ctxt with func_dict; poly_funcs }

let register_fresh_arg ~pos ctxt (x, _) =
  let _, ctxt = register_fresh_var ~pos ctxt x in
  ctxt

(* These operators, since they can raise, have an added first argument giving
   the position of the error if it happens, so they need special treatment *)
let op_can_raise op =
  let open Op in
  match Mark.remove op with
  | HandleExceptions | Div_int_int | Div_rat_rat | Div_mon_mon | Div_mon_int
  | Div_mon_rat | Div_dur_dur | Add_dat_dur _ | Sub_dat_dur _ | Gte_dur_dur
  | Gt_dur_dur | Lte_dur_dur | Lt_dur_dur | Eq_dur_dur | Map2 ->
    true
  | _ -> false

let lift_pos ctxt pos =
  let v, ctxt = fresh_var ~pos ctxt "pos" in
  ( (A.EVar v, pos),
    ( A.SLocalInit
        {
          name = v, pos;
          typ = TStruct Expr.source_pos_struct, pos;
          expr = A.EPosLit, pos;
        },
      pos ),
    ctxt )

let rec translate_expr_list ctxt args =
  let stmts, args, ren_ctx =
    List.fold_left
      (fun (args_stmts, new_args, ren_ctx) arg ->
        let arg_stmts, new_arg, ren_ctx =
          translate_expr { ctxt with ren_ctx } arg
        in
        args_stmts ++ arg_stmts, new_arg :: new_args, ren_ctx)
      (RevBlock.empty, [], ctxt.ren_ctx)
      args
  in
  stmts, List.rev args, ren_ctx

and translate_struct_literal ctxt expr =
  match Mark.remove expr with
  | EStruct { fields; name } ->
    let args_stmts, new_args, ren_ctx =
      StructField.Map.fold
        (fun field arg (args_stmts, new_args, ren_ctx) ->
          let arg_stmts, new_arg, ren_ctx =
            translate_expr { ctxt with ren_ctx } arg
          in
          ( args_stmts ++ arg_stmts,
            StructField.Map.add field new_arg new_args,
            ren_ctx ))
        fields
        (RevBlock.empty, StructField.Map.empty, ctxt.ren_ctx)
    in
    args_stmts, (A.EStruct { fields = new_args; name }, Expr.pos expr), ren_ctx
  | EInj { e = e1; cons; name } ->
    let e1_stmts, new_e1, ren_ctx = translate_expr ctxt e1 in
    ( e1_stmts,
      ( A.EInj
          { e1 = new_e1; cons; name; expr_typ = Expr.maybe_ty (Mark.get expr) },
        Expr.pos expr ),
      ren_ctx )
  | ETuple args ->
    let args_stmts, new_args, ren_ctx = translate_expr_list ctxt args in
    args_stmts, (A.ETuple new_args, Expr.pos expr), ren_ctx
  | EArray args ->
    let args_stmts, new_args, ren_ctx = translate_expr_list ctxt args in
    args_stmts, (A.EArray new_args, Expr.pos expr), ren_ctx
  | _ -> invalid_arg "translate_struct_literal"

and translate_expr (ctxt : 'm ctxt) (expr : 'm L.expr) :
    RevBlock.t * A.expr * Renaming.context =
  match Mark.remove expr with
  | EVar v ->
    let local_var =
      try A.EVar (Var.Map.find v ctxt.var_dict)
      with Var.Map.Not_found _ -> (
        try A.EFunc (Var.Map.find v ctxt.func_dict)
        with Var.Map.Not_found _ ->
          Message.error ~pos:(Expr.pos expr)
            "Var not found in lambda→scalc: %a@\nknown: @[<hov>%a@]@\n"
            Print.var_debug v
            (Format.pp_print_list ~pp_sep:Format.pp_print_space (fun ppf v ->
                 Print.var_debug ppf v))
            (Var.Map.keys ctxt.var_dict))
    in
    RevBlock.empty, (local_var, Expr.pos expr), ctxt.ren_ctx
  | EStruct _ | EInj _ | ETuple _ | EArray _ ->
    (* In C89, struct literals have to be initialized at variable
       definition... *)
    if ctxt.config.no_struct_literals then spill_expr ctxt expr
    else translate_struct_literal ctxt expr
  | EStructAccess { e = e1; field; name } ->
    let e1_stmts, new_e1, ren_ctx = translate_expr ctxt e1 in
    ( e1_stmts,
      (A.EStructFieldAccess { e1 = new_e1; field; name }, Expr.pos expr),
      ren_ctx )
  | ETupleAccess { e = e1; index; _ } ->
    let e1_stmts, new_e1, ren_ctx = translate_expr ctxt e1 in
    let typ = Expr.maybe_ty (Mark.get expr) in
    ( e1_stmts,
      (A.ETupleAccess { e1 = new_e1; index; typ }, Expr.pos expr),
      ren_ctx )
  | EAppOp
      {
        op = Op.HandleExceptions, pos;
        tys = [t_arr];
        args = [(EArray exceptions, _)];
      } ->
    let stmts, new_exceptions, ren_ctx = translate_expr_list ctxt exceptions in
    let ctxt = { ctxt with ren_ctx } in
    let stmts, excs, ctxt =
      if not ctxt.config.no_struct_literals then
        stmts, (A.EArray new_exceptions, pos), ctxt
      else
        let arr_var_name, ctxt =
          fresh_var ~pos ctxt ("exc_" ^ ctxt.context_name)
        in
        let stmts =
          stmts
          +> ( A.SLocalInit
                 {
                   name = arr_var_name, pos;
                   typ = t_arr;
                   expr = A.EArray new_exceptions, pos;
                 },
               pos )
        in
        stmts, (A.EVar arr_var_name, pos), ctxt
    in
    ( stmts,
      ( A.EAppOp { op = Op.HandleExceptions, pos; args = [excs]; tys = [t_arr] },
        pos ),
      ctxt.ren_ctx )
  | EAppOp { op; args; tys } ->
    let pos = Mark.get op in
    let stmts, args, ren_ctx = translate_expr_list ctxt args in
    let ctxt = { ctxt with ren_ctx } in
    let stmts, args, tys, ctxt =
      if op_can_raise op then
        let epos, vposdef, ctxt = lift_pos ctxt pos in
        ( RevBlock.append stmts vposdef,
          epos :: args,
          (TLit TPos, pos) :: tys,
          ctxt )
      else stmts, args, tys, ctxt
    in
    (* FIXME: what happens if [arg] is not a tuple but reduces to one ? *)
    stmts, (A.EAppOp { op; args; tys }, Expr.pos expr), ctxt.ren_ctx
  | EApp { f = EAbs { binder; _ }, binder_mark; args; tys } ->
    (* This defines multiple local variables at the time *)
    let binder_pos = Expr.mark_pos binder_mark in
    let vars, body, ctxt = unmbind ctxt binder in
    let vars_tau = List.map2 (fun x tau -> x, tau) (Array.to_list vars) tys in
    let ctxt =
      List.fold_left (register_fresh_arg ~pos:binder_pos) ctxt vars_tau
    in
    let vars_args =
      List.map2
        (fun (x, tau) arg ->
          (Var.Map.find x ctxt.var_dict, binder_pos), tau, arg)
        vars_tau args
    in
    let local_defs, ctxt =
      List.fold_left
        (fun (defs, ctxt) (var, typ, arg) ->
          let decl = A.SLocalDecl { name = var; typ }, binder_pos in
          let stmts, ren_ctx = translate_assignment ctxt (Some var) arg in
          defs +> decl ++ stmts, { ctxt with ren_ctx })
        (RevBlock.empty, ctxt) vars_args
    in
    let rest_of_expr_stmts, rest_of_expr, ren_ctx = translate_expr ctxt body in
    local_defs ++ rest_of_expr_stmts, rest_of_expr, ren_ctx
  | EApp { f; args; tys = _ } ->
    let f_stmts, new_f, ren_ctx = translate_expr ctxt f in
    let args_stmts, new_args, ren_ctx =
      translate_expr_list { ctxt with ren_ctx } args
    in
    let poly =
      match Mark.remove f with
      | EExternal { name = External_value name, _ } ->
        let typ, _ =
          TopdefName.Map.find name ctxt.program_ctx.decl_ctx.ctx_topdefs
        in
        not
          (Type.Var.Set.is_empty
             (Type.free_vars (Type.arrow_return (Type.unquantify typ))))
      | EVar v -> Var.Set.mem v ctxt.poly_funcs
      | _ -> false
    in
    (* FIXME: what happens if [arg] is not a tuple but reduces to one ? *)
    ( f_stmts ++ args_stmts,
      ( A.EApp
          {
            f = new_f;
            args = new_args;
            typ = Expr.maybe_ty (Mark.get expr);
            poly;
          },
        Expr.pos expr ),
      ren_ctx )
  | ELit l -> RevBlock.empty, (A.ELit l, Expr.pos expr), ctxt.ren_ctx
  | EPos p ->
    let epos, vposdef, ctxt = lift_pos ctxt p in
    RevBlock.empty +> vposdef, epos, ctxt.ren_ctx
  | EExternal { name } ->
    let path, name =
      match Mark.remove name with
      | External_value name -> TopdefName.(path name, get_info name)
      | External_scope name -> ScopeName.(path name, get_info name)
    in
    let modname =
      ( ModuleName.Map.find
          (Option.get (Uid.Path.last_member path))
          ctxt.program_ctx.modules,
        Expr.pos expr )
    in
    RevBlock.empty, (EExternal { modname; name }, Expr.pos expr), ctxt.ren_ctx
  | EAbs _ | EIfThenElse _ | EMatch _ | EAssert _ | EFatalError _ ->
    spill_expr ctxt expr
  | _ -> .

(** Used when an lcalc expression needs to be translated, but doesn't fit in a
    single statement: creates a temporary variable that gets assigned to by a
    block of statements, and an expression containing the variable holding the
    result *)
and spill_expr ctxt expr =
  let pos = Expr.pos expr in
  let typ = Expr.maybe_ty (Mark.get expr) in
  let tmp_var, ctxt = fresh_var ctxt ctxt.context_name ~pos in
  let ctxt =
    { ctxt with context_name = Mark.remove (A.VarName.get_info tmp_var) }
  in
  match Mark.remove expr with
  | (EArray _ | EStruct _ | EInj _ | ETuple _)
    when ctxt.config.no_struct_literals ->
    (* We want [SLocalInit] for these constructs requiring malloc *)
    let stmts, expr, ren_ctx = translate_struct_literal ctxt expr in
    ( stmts +> (A.SLocalInit { name = tmp_var, pos; expr; typ }, pos),
      (A.EVar tmp_var, pos),
      ren_ctx )
  | _ ->
    let tmp_stmts, ren_ctx =
      translate_assignment ctxt (Some (tmp_var, Expr.pos expr)) expr
    in
    let stmts =
      RevBlock.make
        [
          ( A.SLocalDecl
              { name = tmp_var, pos; typ = Expr.maybe_ty (Mark.get expr) },
            pos );
        ]
      ++ tmp_stmts
    in
    stmts, (A.EVar tmp_var, pos), ren_ctx

(** This translates an expression [block_expr] to a series of statements that
    compute its value, and either assign to the given variable, or return it. *)
and translate_assignment
    (ctxt : 'm ctxt)
    (assign_to : A.VarName.t Mark.pos option)
    (block_expr : 'm L.expr) : RevBlock.t * Renaming.context =
  let pos = Expr.pos block_expr in
  let ctxt =
    match assign_to with
    | Some (v, _) ->
      { ctxt with context_name = Mark.remove (A.VarName.get_info v) }
    | None -> ctxt
  in
  match Mark.remove block_expr with
  | EAssert e ->
    let e_stmts, expr, ren_ctx = translate_expr ctxt e in
    let pos_expr, vposdef, ctxt = lift_pos { ctxt with ren_ctx } pos in
    e_stmts +> vposdef +> (A.SAssert { pos_expr; expr }, pos), ctxt.ren_ctx
  | EFatalError error ->
    let pos_expr, vposdef, ctxt = lift_pos ctxt pos in
    RevBlock.make [vposdef; SFatalError { pos_expr; error }, pos], ctxt.ren_ctx
  | EApp { f = EAbs { binder; _ }, binder_mark; args; tys } ->
    (* This defines multiple local variables at the time *)
    let binder_pos = Expr.mark_pos binder_mark in
    let vars, body, ctxt = unmbind ctxt binder in
    let vars_tau = List.map2 (fun x tau -> x, tau) (Array.to_list vars) tys in
    let ctxt =
      List.fold_left (register_fresh_arg ~pos:binder_pos) ctxt vars_tau
    in
    let local_decls =
      List.map
        (fun (x, tau) ->
          ( A.SLocalDecl
              { name = Var.Map.find x ctxt.var_dict, binder_pos; typ = tau },
            binder_pos ))
        vars_tau
      |> RevBlock.make
    in
    let vars_args =
      List.map2
        (fun (x, tau) arg ->
          (Var.Map.find x ctxt.var_dict, binder_pos), tau, arg)
        vars_tau args
    in
    let def_blocks, ren_ctx =
      List.fold_left
        (fun (def_blocks, ren_ctx) (x, _tau, arg) ->
          let ctxt = { ctxt with ren_ctx } in
          let stmts, ren_ctx = translate_assignment ctxt (Some x) arg in
          def_blocks ++ stmts, ren_ctx)
        (RevBlock.empty, ctxt.ren_ctx)
        vars_args
    in
    let rest_of_block, ren_ctx =
      translate_assignment { ctxt with ren_ctx } assign_to body
    in
    local_decls ++ def_blocks ++ rest_of_block, ren_ctx
  | EAbs { binder; pos = _; tys } ->
    let vars, body, ctxt = unmbind ctxt binder in
    let binder_pos = Expr.pos block_expr in
    let vars_tau = List.combine (Array.to_list vars) tys in
    let ctxt =
      List.fold_left (register_fresh_arg ~pos:binder_pos) ctxt vars_tau
    in
    let stmts_body, ren_ctx = translate_assignment ctxt None body in
    let name =
      match assign_to with
      | Some v -> v
      | None -> assert false (* it's not allowed to [return] a function *)
    in
    ( RevBlock.make
        [
          ( A.SInnerFuncDef
              {
                name;
                func =
                  {
                    func_params =
                      List.map
                        (fun (var, tau) ->
                          (Var.Map.find var ctxt.var_dict, binder_pos), tau)
                        vars_tau;
                    func_body = RevBlock.rebuild stmts_body ~tail:[];
                    func_return_typ =
                      (match
                         Type.unquantify (Expr.maybe_ty (Mark.get block_expr))
                       with
                      | TArrow (_, t2), _ -> t2
                      | TVar _, pos_any -> Type.any pos_any
                      | _ -> assert false);
                  };
              },
            binder_pos );
        ],
      ren_ctx )
  | EMatch { e = e1; cases; name } ->
    let typ = Expr.maybe_ty (Mark.get e1) in
    let e1_stmts, new_e1, ren_ctx = translate_expr ctxt e1 in
    let ctxt = { ctxt with ren_ctx } in
    let e1_stmts, switch_var, ctxt =
      match new_e1 with
      | A.EVar v, _ -> e1_stmts, v, ctxt
      | _ ->
        let v, ctxt = fresh_var ctxt ctxt.context_name ~pos:(Expr.pos e1) in
        ( RevBlock.append e1_stmts
            ( A.SLocalInit { name = v, Expr.pos e1; expr = new_e1; typ },
              Expr.pos e1 ),
          v,
          ctxt )
    in
    let new_cases =
      EnumConstructor.Map.fold
        (fun _ arg new_args ->
          match Mark.remove arg with
          | EAbs { binder; pos = _; tys = typ :: _ } ->
            let vars, body, ctxt = unmbind ctxt binder in
            assert (Array.length vars = 1);
            let var = vars.(0) in
            let scalc_var, ctxt =
              register_fresh_var ctxt var ~pos:(Expr.pos arg)
            in
            let new_arg, _ren_ctx = translate_assignment ctxt assign_to body in
            {
              A.case_block = RevBlock.rebuild new_arg;
              payload_var_name = scalc_var;
              payload_var_typ = typ;
            }
            :: new_args
          | _ -> assert false)
        cases []
    in
    ( e1_stmts
      +> ( A.SSwitch
             {
               switch_var;
               switch_var_typ = Type.unquantify typ;
               enum_name = name;
               switch_cases = List.rev new_cases;
             },
           Expr.pos block_expr ),
      ctxt.ren_ctx )
  | EIfThenElse { cond; etrue; efalse } ->
    let cond_stmts, s_cond, ren_ctx = translate_expr ctxt cond in
    let ctxt = { ctxt with ren_ctx } in
    let s_e_true, _ = translate_assignment ctxt assign_to etrue in
    let s_e_false, _ = translate_assignment ctxt assign_to efalse in
    ( cond_stmts
      +> ( A.SIfThenElse
             {
               if_expr = s_cond;
               then_block = RevBlock.rebuild s_e_true;
               else_block = RevBlock.rebuild s_e_false;
             },
           Expr.pos block_expr ),
      ren_ctx )
  | EArray _ | EStruct _ | EInj _ | ETuple _ | ELit _ | EPos _ | EAppOp _
  | EVar _ | ETupleAccess _ | EStructAccess _ | EExternal _ | EApp _ ->
    let stmts, expr, ren_ctx =
      match Mark.remove block_expr with
      | (EArray _ | EStruct _ | EInj _ | ETuple _) as e ->
        let is_option =
          match e with
          | EInj { name; _ } -> EnumName.equal name Expr.option_enum
          | _ -> false
        in
        if ctxt.config.no_struct_literals && not is_option then
          spill_expr ctxt block_expr
        else translate_struct_literal ctxt block_expr
      | _ -> translate_expr ctxt block_expr
    in
    ( (stmts
      +>
      match assign_to with
      | None -> A.SReturn expr, pos
      | Some name ->
        ( A.SLocalDef
            {
              name;
              expr;
              typ = Mark.remove (Expr.maybe_ty (Mark.get block_expr)), pos;
            },
          pos )),
      ren_ctx )
  | _ -> .

let rec translate_scope_body_expr ctx (scope_expr : 'm L.expr scope_body_expr) :
    A.block =
  match scope_expr with
  | Last e ->
    let block, new_e, _ren_ctx = translate_expr ctx e in
    RevBlock.rebuild block ~tail:[A.SReturn new_e, Mark.get new_e]
  | Cons (scope_let, next_bnd) ->
    let let_var, scope_let_next, ctx = unbind ctx next_bnd in
    let pos = scope_let.scope_let_pos in
    let let_var_id, ctx = register_fresh_var ctx let_var ~pos in
    let decl, assign_to =
      if scope_let.scope_let_kind = Assertion then RevBlock.empty, None
      else
        ( RevBlock.make
            [
              ( A.SLocalDecl
                  { name = let_var_id, pos; typ = scope_let.scope_let_typ },
                pos );
            ],
          Some (let_var_id, pos) )
    in
    let statements, ren_ctx =
      translate_assignment ctx assign_to scope_let.scope_let_expr
    in
    RevBlock.rebuild (decl ++ statements)
      ~tail:(translate_scope_body_expr { ctx with ren_ctx } scope_let_next)

let translate_program ~(config : translation_config) (p : 'm L.program) :
    A.program =
  let ctxt =
    {
      func_dict = Var.Map.empty;
      var_dict = Var.Map.empty;
      context_name = "top";
      config;
      program_ctx = { A.decl_ctx = p.decl_ctx; modules = ModuleName.Map.empty };
      ren_ctx = config.renaming_context;
      poly_funcs = Var.Set.empty;
    }
  in
  let modules, ctxt =
    List.fold_left
      (fun (modules, ctxt) (m, _) ->
        let name, pos = ModuleName.get_info m in
        let vname, ctxt =
          if config.keep_module_names then
            ( name,
              { ctxt with ren_ctx = Renaming.reserve_name ctxt.ren_ctx name } )
          else get_name ctxt name
        in
        ModuleName.Map.add m (A.VarName.fresh (vname, pos)) modules, ctxt)
      (ModuleName.Map.empty, ctxt)
      (Program.modules_to_list p.decl_ctx.ctx_modules)
  in
  let program_ctx = { ctxt.program_ctx with A.modules } in
  let ctxt = { ctxt with program_ctx } in
  let translate_code_item (ctxt, rev_items) code_item var =
    match code_item with
    | ScopeDef (name, body) ->
      let scope_input_var, scope_body_expr, outer_ctx =
        unbind ctxt body.scope_body_expr
      in
      let input_pos = Mark.get (ScopeName.get_info name) in
      let scope_input_var_id, inner_ctx =
        register_fresh_var ctxt scope_input_var ~pos:input_pos
      in
      let new_scope_body =
        translate_scope_body_expr
          { inner_ctx with context_name = ScopeName.base name }
          scope_body_expr
      in
      let func_id, outer_ctx =
        register_fresh_func outer_ctx var ~pos:input_pos ~poly:false
      in
      ( outer_ctx,
        A.SScope
          {
            Ast.scope_body_name = name;
            Ast.scope_body_var = func_id;
            scope_body_func =
              {
                A.func_params =
                  [
                    ( (scope_input_var_id, input_pos),
                      (TStruct body.scope_body_input_struct, input_pos) );
                  ];
                A.func_body = new_scope_body;
                func_return_typ =
                  TStruct body.scope_body_output_struct, input_pos;
              };
            scope_body_visibility = body.scope_body_visibility;
          }
        :: rev_items )
    | Topdef (name, topdef_ty, visibility, (EAbs abs, m)) ->
      (* Toplevel function def *)
      let (block, expr, _ren_ctx_inner), args_id =
        let args_a, expr, ctxt_inner = unmbind ctxt abs.binder in
        let args = Array.to_list args_a in
        let rargs_id, ctxt_inner =
          List.fold_left2
            (fun (rargs_id, ctxt_inner) v ty ->
              let pos = Mark.get ty in
              let id, ctxt_inner = register_fresh_var ctxt_inner v ~pos in
              ((id, pos), ty) :: rargs_id, ctxt_inner)
            ([], ctxt_inner) args abs.tys
        in
        let ctxt_inner =
          { ctxt_inner with context_name = TopdefName.base name }
        in
        translate_expr ctxt_inner expr, List.rev rargs_id
      in
      let body_block =
        RevBlock.rebuild block ~tail:[A.SReturn expr, Mark.get expr]
      in
      let poly =
        not
          (Type.Var.Set.is_empty
             (Type.free_vars (Type.arrow_return (Type.unquantify topdef_ty))))
      in
      let func_id, ctxt_outer =
        register_fresh_func ctxt var ~pos:(Expr.mark_pos m) ~poly
      in
      ( ctxt_outer,
        A.SFunc
          {
            var = func_id;
            func =
              {
                A.func_params = args_id;
                A.func_body = body_block;
                A.func_return_typ =
                  (match Type.unquantify topdef_ty with
                  | TArrow (_, t2), _ -> t2
                  | TVar _, pos_any -> Type.any pos_any
                  | _ -> failwith "should not happen");
              };
            visibility;
          }
        :: rev_items )
    | Topdef (name, topdef_ty, visibility, expr) ->
      (* Toplevel constant def *)
      let block, expr, _ren_ctx_inner =
        let ctxt = { ctxt with context_name = TopdefName.base name } in
        translate_expr ctxt expr
      in
      let var_id, ctxt =
        register_fresh_var ctxt var ~pos:(Mark.get (TopdefName.get_info name))
      in
      (* If the evaluation of the toplevel expr requires preliminary statements,
         we lift its computation into an auxiliary function *)
      let rev_items, ctxt =
        if (block :> (A.stmt * Pos.t) list) = [] then
          ( A.SVar { var = var_id; expr; typ = topdef_ty; visibility }
            :: rev_items,
            ctxt )
        else
          let pos = Mark.get expr in
          let func_name, ctxt =
            get_name ctxt (A.VarName.to_string var_id ^ "_init")
          in
          let func_id = A.FuncName.fresh (func_name, pos) in
          (* The list is being built in reverse order *)
          (* Note: this pattern is matched in the C backend to make allocations
             permanent. *)
          ( A.SVar
              {
                var = var_id;
                expr =
                  ( A.EApp
                      {
                        f = EFunc func_id, pos;
                        args = [];
                        typ = topdef_ty;
                        poly = false;
                      },
                    pos );
                typ = topdef_ty;
                visibility;
              }
            :: A.SFunc
                 {
                   var = func_id;
                   func =
                     {
                       A.func_params = [];
                       A.func_body =
                         RevBlock.rebuild block
                           ~tail:[A.SReturn expr, Mark.get expr];
                       A.func_return_typ = topdef_ty;
                     };
                   visibility = Private;
                 }
            :: rev_items,
            ctxt )
      in
      ( ctxt,
        (* No need to add func_id since the function will only be called right
           here *)
        rev_items )
  in
  let (ctxt, rev_items), exports =
    BoundList.fold_left ~init:(ctxt, []) ~f:translate_code_item p.code_items
  in
  let _, rev_tdefs, rev_tests =
    List.fold_left
      (fun (ctxt, rev_tdefs, rev_tests) -> function
        | KTest scope, e ->
          let var, ctxt =
            fresh_var ~pos:(Expr.pos e) ctxt
              (ScopeName.to_string scope ^ "_test")
          in
          (* The expression here may contain leading closure definitions that
             should be local to the test *)
          let rec unlet ctxt rev_tdefs = function
            | ( EApp
                  {
                    tys = [((TArrow ((TClosureEnv, _) :: _, _), _) as ty)];
                    f = EAbs { binder; _ }, _;
                    args = [closure];
                  },
                m ) ->
              let pos = Expr.mark_pos m in
              let vars, body = Bindlib.unmbind binder in
              let v = vars.(0) in
              let ctxt, rev_tdefs =
                translate_code_item (ctxt, rev_tdefs)
                  (Topdef
                     ( TopdefName.fresh [] (Bindlib.name_of v, pos),
                       ty,
                       Private,
                       closure ))
                  v
              in
              unlet ctxt rev_tdefs body
            | e ->
              let pos = Mark.get (ScopeName.get_info scope) in
              let block, expr, _ren_ctx = translate_expr ctxt e in
              let exec =
                ( A.SLocalInit
                    { name = var, pos; typ = Expr.maybe_ty (Mark.get e); expr },
                  pos )
              in
              ( ctxt,
                rev_tdefs,
                (scope, RevBlock.rebuild (block +> exec)) :: rev_tests )
          in
          unlet ctxt rev_tdefs e
        | _ -> ctxt, rev_tdefs, rev_tests)
      (ctxt, [], []) exports
  in
  {
    ctx = program_ctx;
    code_items = List.rev rev_items;
    module_name = p.module_name;
    tests = List.rev rev_tdefs, List.rev rev_tests;
  }