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package ast_generic
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Source file AST_generic.ml
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2222 2223 2224 2225 2226 2227 2228 2229 2230 2231 2232 2233 2234 2235 2236 2237 2238 2239 2240 2241 2242 2243 2244 2245 2246 2247 2248 2249 2250 2251 2252 2253 2254 2255 2256 2257 2258 2259 2260 2261 2262 2263 2264 2265 2266 2267 2268 2269 2270 2271 2272 2273 2274 2275 2276 2277 2278 2279 2280 2281 2282 2283 2284 2285 2286 2287 2288(* Yoann Padioleau * * Copyright (C) 2019-2023 r2c * * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License * version 2.1 as published by the Free Software Foundation, with the * special exception on linking described in file LICENSE. * * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the file * LICENSE for more details. *) (*****************************************************************************) (* Prelude *) (*****************************************************************************) (* A generic AST, to factorize similar analysis in different programming * languages (e.g., naming, semantic code highlighting, semgrep matching). * * !!!If you modify this file, please adjust the 'version' variable below!!! * * Right now this generic AST is mostly the factorized union of: * - Python, Ruby, Lua, Julia, Elixir * - Javascript, Typescript, Vue * - PHP, Hack * - Java, CSharp, Kotlin * - C, C++ * - Go * - Swift * - OCaml, Scala, Rust * - Clojure, Lisp, Scheme * - R * - Solidity * - Bash, Docker * - JSON, YAML, HCL, Jsonnet * - TODO SQL * * See Lang.ml for the list of supported languages. * See IL.ml for a generic IL (Intermediate language) better suited for * advanced static analysis (e.g., dataflow). * * rational: In the end, programming languages have a lot in Common. * Even though some interesting analysis are probably better done on a * per-language basis, many analysis are simple and require just an * AST and a visitor. One could duplicate those analysis for each language * or design an AST (this file) generic enough to factorize all those * analysis (e.g., unused entity). Note that we want to remain * as precise as possible and not lose too much information while going * from the specific language AST to the generic AST. We don't want * to be too generic as in ast_fuzzy.ml, where we have a very general * tree of nodes, but all the structure of the original AST is lost. * * The generic AST tries to be as close as possible to the original code but * not too close. When a programming language feature is really sugar or * an alternative way to do a thing, we usually unsugar. Here are the * simplifications done: * - we do not keep the comma tokens in arguments. More generally we * just keep the tokens to get the range right (see the discussions on * invariants below) and get rid of the other (e.g., we remove * parens around conditions in if). We keep the parens for 'Call' * because we want to get the right range for those so we need the * rightmost tokens in the AST. * - multiple var declarations in one declaration (e.g., int a,b; in C) * are expanded in multiple 'variable_definition'. Note that * tuple assignments (e.g., a,b=1,2) are not expanded in multiple assigns * because this is not always possible (e.g., a,b=foo()) and people may * want to explicitely match tuples assignments (we do some magic in * Generic_vs_generic though to let 'a=1' matches also 'a,b=1,2'). * - multiple entity imports in one declaration (e.g., from foo import {a,b}) * are expanded in multiple individual imports * (in the example, from foo import a; from foo import b). * - multiple ways to define a function are converted all to a * 'function_definition' (e.g., Javascript arrows are converted in that) * update: but we now have a more precise function_body type * - we are more general and impose less restrictions on where certain * constructs can appear to simplify things. * * there is no special lhs/lvalue type (see IL.ml for that) and so * 'Assign' takes a general 'expr' on its lhs. * * there is no special toplevel/item vs stmt. Certain programming * languages impose restrictions on where a function or directive can * appear (e.g., just at the toplevel), but we allow those constructs * at the stmt level. * * the Splat and HashSplat operator can usually appear just in arguments * or inside arrays or in struct definitions (a field) but we are more * general and put it at the 'expr' level. * * certain attributes are valid only for certain constructs but instead * we use one attribute type (no class_attribute vs func_attribute etc.) * * Note that this generic AST has become gradually more and more a * generic CST, to fix issues in autofix in Semgrep. * TODO? it may be time to rename this file CST_generic.ml * * todo: * - improve things for Kotlin/Scala/Rust/C++/Java * - see ast_fuzzy.ml todos for ideas to use AST_generic for sgrep? * * related work: * - ast_fuzzy.ml (in pfff) * - github semantic (seems dead) * https://github.com/github/semantic * - UAST of babelfish * https://doc.bblf.sh/uast/uast-specification-v2.html * - Coverity common program representation? * - Semmle internal common representation? * - Sonarcube generic language * https://github.com/SonarSource/slang * - Facebook Infer SIL (for C++, Java, Objective-C) * - Dawson Engler and Fraser Brown micro-checkers for multiple languages * - Comby common representation by Rijnard, * see "Lightweight Multi-language syntax transformation", but it does not * really operate on an AST * - https://tabnine.com/ which supports multiple languages, but probably * again does not operate on an AST * - srcML https://www.srcml.org/doc/srcMLGrammar.html * but just for C/C++/C#/Java and seems pretty heavy * * design choices to have a generic data structure: * - add some 'a, 'b, 'c around expr/stmt/... * - data-type a la carte like in github-semantic but IMHO too high-level * with astronaut-style architecture (too abstract, too advanced features). * - CURRENT SOLUTION: the OtherXxx strategy used in this file (simple) * update: actually switch to OtherXxx of todo_kind, even simpler * - functorize and add some type hole (type tstmt; type texpr; ...), * todo? not a bad idea if later we want to add type information on each * expression nodes * * history: * - started with crossproduct of Javascript, Python, PHP, Java, and C * (and a bit of OCaml) after wanting to port checked_return from Js to * Python and got the idea to factorize things * * INVARIANTS: * - all the other_xxx types should contain only simple constructors (enums) * without any parameter. I rely on that to simplify the code * of the generic mapper and matcher. * update: prefer todo_kind to those other_xxx types now. * Same for keyword_attributes. * - each expression or statement must have at least one token in it * so that semgrep can track a location (e.g., 'Return of expr option' * is not enough because with no expr, there is no location information * for this return, so it must be 'Return of tok * expr option' instead) * - each expression or statement should ideally have enough tokens in it * to get its range, so at least the leftmost and rightmost token in * all constructs, so the Return above should even be * 'Return of tok * expr option * tok' for the ending semicolon * (alt: have the range info in each expr/stmt/pattern but big refactoring) * - to correctly compute a CFG (Control Flow Graph), the stmt type * should list all constructs that contains other statements and * try to avoid to use the very generic 'OtherXxx of any' * - to correctly compute a DFG (Data Flow Graph), and to correctly resolve * names (see Naming_AST.ml), each constructs that introduce a new * variable should have a relevant comment 'newvar:' * - to correctly resolve names, each construct that introduces a new scope * should have a relevant comment 'newscope:' * - todo? each language should add the VarDefs that defines the locals * used in a function (instead of having the first Assign play the role * of a VarDef, as done in Python for example). *) (* !! Modify version below each time you modify the generic AST!! There are * now a few places where we cache the generic AST in a marshalled binary * form on disk (e.g., in src/runner/Parsing_with_cache.ml) and reading back * old version of this AST can lead to segfaults in OCaml. * Note that this number below could be independent of the versioning scheme of * Semgrep; we don't have to update version below for each version of * Semgrep, just when we actually modify the generic AST. However it's convenient * to correspond mostly to Semgrep versions. So version below can jump from * "1.12.1" to "1.20.0" and that's fine. *) let version = "1.12.1" (* Provide hash_* and hash_fold_* for the core ocaml types *) open Ppx_hash_lib.Std.Hash.Builtin (* ppx_hash refuses to hash mutable fields but we do it anyway. *) let hash_fold_ref hash_fold_x acc x = hash_fold_x acc !x (*****************************************************************************) (* Token (leaf) *) (*****************************************************************************) (* Contains among other things the position of the token through * the Parse_info.token_location embedded inside it, as well as the * transformation field that makes possible spatch on the code. * Tok.t is the same type as Parse_info.t but provides special equal and * hash functions used by the ppx derivers eq and hash. *) type tok = Tok.t [@@deriving show, eq, hash] (* a shortcut to annotate some information with position information *) type 'a wrap = 'a * tok [@@deriving show, eq, hash] (* Use for round(), square[], curly{}, and angle<> brackets. * note: in theory we should not care about those tokens in an AST, * but they are useful to report correct ranges in sgrep when we match * something that can just be those brackets (e.g., an empty container). *) type 'a bracket = tok * 'a * tok [@@deriving show, eq, hash] (* semicolon, a FakeTok in languages that do not require them (e.g., Python). * alt: tok option. * See the sc value also at the end of this file to build an sc. *) type sc = tok [@@deriving show, eq, hash] (* an AST element not yet handled. * history: I started by having some precise OtherXxx of other_xxx * constructors and types to record what was not handled * (e.g., OE_Delete, OE_Define, etc.), but it was quickly getting tedious * each time to add new constructs. In fact, in the language-specific * ASTs I started to use also some Todo constructs, so I switched to a * more general todo_kind in the generic AST too. Anyway, we were * not doing anything with the precise information. If something * is important and require some semantic equivalence in semgrep, then * we should support the construct directly, not via an other_xxx. *) type todo_kind = string wrap [@@deriving show, eq, hash] (*****************************************************************************) (* Names *) (*****************************************************************************) type ident = string wrap [@@deriving show, eq, hash] (* Usually separated by a '.', but can be used also with '::' separators. * less: we often need to get the last elt or adjust the qualifier part, * so maybe we should define it as = ident list * ident *) type dotted_ident = ident list (* at least 1 element *) [@@deriving show, eq, hash] (* module_name can also be used for a package name or a namespace. * TODO? prefix with M and add MQualifiedName for C++? * less: can even be dynamic in C with #include of expr *) type module_name = | DottedName of dotted_ident (* ex: Python *) (* in FileName the '/' is similar to the '.' in DottedName. * In C/C++ the string can be <foo.h>. *) | FileName of string wrap (* ex: Js import, C #include, Go import *) [@@deriving show { with_path = false }, eq, hash] (* OCaml has generative functors. This means the types `SId.t` and `IdInfoId.t` are different, even though both are represented by ints. This will help enforce that we don't do bad things with these ints by making them abstract. *) module SId = Gensym.MkId () module IdInfoId = Gensym.MkId () (* A single unique id: sid (uid would be a better name, but it usually * means "user id" for people). * * This single id simplifies further analysis that need to care less about * maintaining scoping information, for example to deal with variable * shadowing, or functions using the same parameter names * (even though you still need to handle specially recursive functions), etc. * * See Naming_AST.ml for more information. * * Most generic ASTs have a fake value (SId.unsafe_default at first. * You need to call Naming_AST.resolve (or one of the lang-specific * Resolve_xxx.resolve) on the generic AST to set it correctly. *) (* a single unique gensym'ed number. *) type sid = SId.t and resolved_name = resolved_name_kind * sid and resolved_name_kind = (* Global is useful in codemap/efuns to highlight differently and warn * about the use of globals inside functions. * old: Global was merged with ImportedEntity before but simpler to split, as * anyway I was putting often an empty list for dotted_ident with a * todo note in the code. *) | Global (* Those could be merged, but again this is useful in codemap/efuns *) | LocalVar | Parameter (* For closures; can refer to a Local or Param. * With sid this is potentially less useful for scoping-related issues, * but this can be useful in codemap to again highlight specially * enclosed vars. * todo: this is currently used also for fields, but we should use another * constructor. * Note that it's tempting to add a depth parameter to EnclosedVar, but * that would prevent semgrep to work because whatever the depth you are, * if you reference the same entity, this entity must have the same * resolved_name (sid and resolved_name_kind). *) | EnclosedVar (* less: add depth? *) (* sgrep: those cases allow to match entities/modules even if they were * aliased when imported. * both dotted_ident must at least contain one element *) | ImportedEntity of canonical_name | ImportedModule of canonical_name (* just the DottedName part of module_name*) (* used in Go, where you can pass types as arguments and where we * need to resolve those cases *) | TypeName (* used for C *) | Macro | EnumConstant (* This is for deep semgrep. * * GlobalName (canonical_name, alternate_names) * * canonical_name: The canonical, global name that the symbol resolves to. * * alternate_names: Other names that users may write when referring to this * symbol. For example, in JS, the canonical_name may include the file path * of the file where the symbol is defined, but users may want to write * patterns to match based on the module specifier, e.g.: * * import {bar} from 'foo'; * bar; * * We might store ['/path/to/node_modules/foo/src/x.js', 'bar'] as the * canonical_name, but we also want to match the pattern `foo.bar` so we will * store ['foo', 'bar'] as an alternate name. * *) | GlobalName of canonical_name * alternate_name list and canonical_name = string list and alternate_name = string list [@@deriving show { with_path = false }, eq, hash] (* Used as a parent class for the autogenerated iter visitor *) class virtual ['self] iter_parent = object (self : 'self) (* Virtual methods * * We could instead inherit from VisitorsRuntime.iter, which implements * these, but then we'd have to suppress warning 7 (since the methods would * be defined both here and in the generated visitor class which also * inherits from VisitorsRuntime.iter). For just a handful of such cases, * declaring virtual methods seems preferable. *) method virtual visit_string : 'env. 'env -> string -> unit method virtual visit_list : 'env 'a. ('env -> 'a -> unit) -> 'env -> 'a list -> unit (* Handcoded visitor methods * * These are for nonlocal types. We could instead generate visitors at the * definition site and inherit those visitors here, but these are all simple * enough that for now it seems like it makes sense to just handcode them. * *) method visit_ident env id = self#visit_wrap self#visit_string env id method visit_bracket : 'a. ('env -> 'a -> unit) -> 'env -> 'a bracket -> unit = fun f env (left, x, right) -> self#visit_tok env left; f env x; self#visit_tok env right method visit_wrap : 'a. ('env -> 'a -> unit) -> 'env -> 'a wrap -> unit = fun f env (x, tok) -> f env x; self#visit_tok env tok method visit_todo_kind env kind = self#visit_wrap self#visit_string env kind method visit_raw_tree_t : 'a. ('env -> 'a -> unit) -> 'env -> 'a Raw_tree.t -> unit = fun f env x -> Raw_tree.visit ~v_token:(self#visit_wrap self#visit_string env) ~v_any:(f env) x method visit_sc env tok = self#visit_tok env tok method visit_dotted_ident env dotted = self#visit_list self#visit_ident env dotted method visit_module_name env = function | DottedName dotted -> self#visit_dotted_ident env dotted | FileName fn -> self#visit_wrap self#visit_string env fn (* Stubs * * These are terminal types, or at least very uncomplicated ones which don't * contain tokens or anything else that is likely to be interesting to a * visitor. Subclasses can always override these with their own behavior if * needed. *) method visit_token_location _env _ = () method visit_id_info_id_t _env _ = () method visit_resolved_name _env _ = () method visit_tok _env _ = () method visit_node_id_t _env _ = () method visit_string_set_t _env _ = () end (* Start of big mutually recursive types because of the use of 'any' * in OtherXxx *) (* old: Id below used to be called Name and was generalizing also IdQualified * but some analysis are easier when they just need to * handle a simple Id, hence the split. For example, there was some bugs * in sgrep because sometimes an identifier was an ident (in function header) * and sometimes a name (when called). For naming, we also need to do * things differently for Id vs IdQualified and would need many times to * inspect the name.name_qualifier to know if we have an Id or IdQualified. * We do the same split for Fid vs FName for fields. * * newvar: Id is sometimes abused to also introduce a newvar (as in Python) * but ultimately those cases should be rewritten to first introduce * a VarDef. * * DEBT? Sometimes some DotAccess should really be transformed in IdQualified * with a better qualifier because the obj is actually the name of a package * or module, but you may need advanced semantic information and global * analysis to disambiguate. In the meantime, you can use * AST_generic_helpers.name_of_dot_access to convert a DotAccess of idents * into an IdQualified name. * * sgrep-ext: note that ident can be a metavariable. *)