# Module Buffer

    module Buffer: sig .. end

Extensible buffers.

This module implements buffers that automatically expand as necessary. It provides accumulative concatenation of strings in linear time (instead of quadratic time when strings are concatenated pairwise). For example:

         let concat_strings ss =
           let b = Buffer.create 16 in
             List.iter (Buffer.add_string b) ss;
             Buffer.contents b

- Alert unsynchronized_access. Unsynchronized accesses to buffers are a programming error.

## Capacity and reallocation strategy

Internally, a buffer uses a backing store (a byte sequence) whose size, called the capacity, is greater or equal to the number of characters stored in the buffer (its length).

The implementation uses a standard exponential reallocation strategy which guarantees amortized constant-time operation; in particular, the total size of all backing stores allocated over the lifetime of a buffer is at worst proportional to the total number of characters added.

`Buffer.clear` preserves the current backing store (so no memory is freed), while `Buffer.reset` frees the current backing store, releasing memory at the price of potentially having to reallocate later on.

Unsynchronized accesses

Unsynchronized accesses to a buffer may lead to an invalid buffer state. Thus, concurrent accesses to a buffer must be synchronized (for instance with a `Mutex.t`).

    type t

The abstract type of buffers.

    val create : int -> t

`create n` returns a fresh buffer, initially empty. The `n` parameter is the initial size of the internal byte sequence that holds the buffer contents. That byte sequence is automatically reallocated when more than `n` characters are stored in the buffer, but shrinks back to `n` characters when `reset` is called. For best performance, `n` should be of the same order of magnitude as the number of characters that are expected to be stored in the buffer (for instance, 80 for a buffer that holds one output line). Nothing bad will happen if the buffer grows beyond that limit, however. In doubt, take `n = 16` for instance. If `n` is not between 1 and `Sys.max_string_length`, it will be clipped to that interval.

    val contents : t -> string

Return a copy of the current contents of the buffer. The buffer itself is unchanged.

    val to_bytes : t -> bytes

Return a copy of the current contents of the buffer. The buffer itself is unchanged.

- Since 4.02

    val sub : t -> int -> int -> string

`Buffer.sub b off len` returns a copy of `len` bytes from the current contents of the buffer `b`, starting at offset `off`.

- Raises `Invalid_argument` if `off` and `len` do not designate a valid range of `b`.

    val blit : t -> int -> bytes -> int -> int -> unit

`Buffer.blit src srcoff dst dstoff len` copies `len` characters from the current contents of the buffer `src`, starting at offset `srcoff` to `dst`, starting at character `dstoff`.

- Since 3.11.2
- Raises `Invalid_argument` if `srcoff` and `len` do not designate a valid range of `src`, or if `dstoff` and `len` do not designate a valid range of `dst`.

    val nth : t -> int -> char

Get the n-th character of the buffer.

- Raises `Invalid_argument` if index out of bounds

    val length : t -> int

Return the number of characters currently contained in the buffer.

    val clear : t -> unit

Empty the buffer.

    val reset : t -> unit

Empty the buffer and deallocate the internal byte sequence holding the buffer contents, replacing it with the initial internal byte sequence of length `n` that was allocated by `Buffer.create` `n`. For long-lived buffers that may have grown a lot, `reset` allows faster reclamation of the space used by the buffer.

    val output_buffer : out_channel -> t -> unit

`output_buffer oc b` writes the current contents of buffer `b` on the output channel `oc`.

    val truncate : t -> int -> unit

`truncate b len` truncates the length of `b` to `len` Note: the internal byte sequence is not shortened.

- Since 4.05
- Raises `Invalid_argument` if `len < 0` or `len > length b`.

## Appending

Note: all `add_*` operations can raise `Failure` if the internal byte sequence of the buffer would need to grow beyond `Sys.max_string_length`.

    val add_char : t -> char -> unit

`add_char b c` appends the character `c` at the end of buffer `b`.

    val add_utf_8_uchar : t -> Uchar.t -> unit

`add_utf_8_uchar b u` appends the UTF-8 encoding of `u` at the end of buffer `b`.

- Since 4.06

    val add_utf_16le_uchar : t -> Uchar.t -> unit

`add_utf_16le_uchar b u` appends the UTF-16LE encoding of `u` at the end of buffer `b`.

- Since 4.06

    val add_utf_16be_uchar : t -> Uchar.t -> unit

`add_utf_16be_uchar b u` appends the UTF-16BE encoding of `u` at the end of buffer `b`.

- Since 4.06

    val add_string : t -> string -> unit

`add_string b s` appends the string `s` at the end of buffer `b`.

    val add_bytes : t -> bytes -> unit

`add_bytes b s` appends the byte sequence `s` at the end of buffer `b`.

- Since 4.02

    val add_substring : t -> string -> int -> int -> unit

`add_substring b s ofs len` takes `len` characters from offset `ofs` in string `s` and appends them at the end of buffer `b`.

- Raises `Invalid_argument` if `ofs` and `len` do not designate a valid range of `s`.

    val add_subbytes : t -> bytes -> int -> int -> unit

`add_subbytes b s ofs len` takes `len` characters from offset `ofs` in byte sequence `s` and appends them at the end of buffer `b`.

- Since 4.02
- Raises `Invalid_argument` if `ofs` and `len` do not designate a valid range of `s`.

    val add_substitute : t -> (string -> string) -> string -> unit

`add_substitute b f s` appends the string pattern `s` at the end of buffer `b` with substitution. The substitution process looks for variable references in the pattern and substitutes each variable reference with its value, as obtained by applying the mapping `f` to the variable name. Inside the string pattern, a variable reference is a non-escaped `$` immediately followed by a variable name, which is one of the following:

- a non empty sequence of alphanumeric or `_` characters,
- an arbitrary sequence of characters enclosed by a pair of matching parentheses or curly brackets. An escaped `$` character is a `$` that immediately follows a backslash character; the two characters together stand for a plain `$`.

    val add_buffer : t -> t -> unit

`add_buffer b1 b2` appends the current contents of buffer `b2` at the end of buffer `b1`. `b2` is not modified.

    val add_channel : t -> in_channel -> int -> unit

`add_channel b ic n` reads at most `n` characters from the input channel `ic` and stores them at the end of buffer `b`.

- Raises
  - `End_of_file` if the channel contains fewer than `n` characters. In this case, the characters are still added to the buffer, so as to avoid loss of data.
  - `Invalid_argument` if `len < 0` or `len > Sys.max_string_length`.

## Buffers and Sequences

    val to_seq : t -> char Seq.t

Iterate on the buffer, in increasing order.

The behavior is not specified if the buffer is modified during iteration.

- Since 4.07

    val to_seqi : t -> (int * char) Seq.t

Iterate on the buffer, in increasing order, yielding indices along chars.

The behavior is not specified if the buffer is modified during iteration.

- Since 4.07

    val add_seq : t -> char Seq.t -> unit

Add chars to the buffer

- Since 4.07

    val of_seq : char Seq.t -> t

Create a buffer from the generator

- Since 4.07

## Binary encoding of integers

The functions in this section append binary encodings of integers to buffers.

Little-endian (resp. big-endian) encoding means that least (resp. most) significant bytes are stored first. Big-endian is also known as network byte order. Native-endian encoding is either little-endian or big-endian depending on `Sys.big_endian`.

32-bit and 64-bit integers are represented by the `int32` and `int64` types, which can be interpreted either as signed or unsigned numbers.

8-bit and 16-bit integers are represented by the `int` type, which has more bits than the binary encoding. Functions that encode these values truncate their inputs to their least significant bytes.

    val add_uint8 : t -> int -> unit

`add_uint8 b i` appends a binary unsigned 8-bit integer `i` to `b`.

- Since 4.08

    val add_int8 : t -> int -> unit

`add_int8 b i` appends a binary signed 8-bit integer `i` to `b`.

- Since 4.08

    val add_uint16_ne : t -> int -> unit

`add_uint16_ne b i` appends a binary native-endian unsigned 16-bit integer `i` to `b`.

- Since 4.08

    val add_uint16_be : t -> int -> unit

`add_uint16_be b i` appends a binary big-endian unsigned 16-bit integer `i` to `b`.

- Since 4.08

    val add_uint16_le : t -> int -> unit

`add_uint16_le b i` appends a binary little-endian unsigned 16-bit integer `i` to `b`.

- Since 4.08

    val add_int16_ne : t -> int -> unit

`add_int16_ne b i` appends a binary native-endian signed 16-bit integer `i` to `b`.

- Since 4.08

    val add_int16_be : t -> int -> unit

`add_int16_be b i` appends a binary big-endian signed 16-bit integer `i` to `b`.

- Since 4.08

    val add_int16_le : t -> int -> unit

`add_int16_le b i` appends a binary little-endian signed 16-bit integer `i` to `b`.

- Since 4.08

    val add_int32_ne : t -> int32 -> unit

`add_int32_ne b i` appends a binary native-endian 32-bit integer `i` to `b`.

- Since 4.08

    val add_int32_be : t -> int32 -> unit

`add_int32_be b i` appends a binary big-endian 32-bit integer `i` to `b`.

- Since 4.08

    val add_int32_le : t -> int32 -> unit

`add_int32_le b i` appends a binary little-endian 32-bit integer `i` to `b`.

- Since 4.08

    val add_int64_ne : t -> int64 -> unit

`add_int64_ne b i` appends a binary native-endian 64-bit integer `i` to `b`.

- Since 4.08

    val add_int64_be : t -> int64 -> unit

`add_int64_be b i` appends a binary big-endian 64-bit integer `i` to `b`.

- Since 4.08

    val add_int64_le : t -> int64 -> unit

`add_int64_le b i` appends a binary little-endian 64-bit integer `i` to `b`.

- Since 4.08